Chapter 8

Question 0

Associative learning

Answer 0

Learning that certain events occur together (in CC we associate 2 stimuli)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus & acquired the capacity to elicit a similar response

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

The view that psychology 1. Should be an objective science that 2. Studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 4

A stimulus that naturally & automatically triggers a response

Question 5

Unconditioned response

Answer 5

Unlearned response that is automatically associated with unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

In classical conditioning the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association w/ an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

The initial stage in classical conditioning. The phase associating a neutral stimulus w/ an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

The diminishing of a conditioned response. Occurs in classical conditioning an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. Occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

The tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus & stimuli that do not signal am unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 13

Russian physiologist -studied digestive system of dogs

Question 14

Neutral stimulus

Answer 14

Stimulus that does not elicit any response

Question 15

Taste aversion

Answer 15

Acquisition only takes one time because the response is so strong. (Protection from our environment)

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 17

Respondent Behavior

Answer 17

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 18

Operant Behavior

Answer 18

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 19

B. F. Skinner

Answer 19

Behaviorism’s most influential & controversial figure. Studies with rats. operant chamber (skinner box)

Question 20

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 20

Law of Effect

Question 21

Shaping

Answer 21

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations

Question 22

Successive Approximation

Answer 22

Reward behavior when it gets closer & closer to the goal (baby steps)

Question 23

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

Increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimulus

Question 24

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 24

increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus

Question 25

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 25

one that satisfies a biological need

Question 26

Conditioned (second) reinforcers

Answer 26

One that has been paired with a primary reinforce & has acquired value & reinforcement

Question 27

Positive Punishment

Answer 27

adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 28

negative punishment

Answer 28

withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 29

continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

everytime the desired behavior occurs, it is reinforced. (learned quickly but extinguishes quickly)

Question 30

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 30

learning takes longer, but results are more persistant and stable

Question 31

fixed-ratio schedules

Answer 31

specific # of correct responses is required before reinforcement occurs. Fixed=predictable ratio=responses

Question 32

variable-ratio schedules

Answer 32

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses

Question 33

Fixed-interval schedules

Answer 33

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

Question 34

variable-interval schedules

Answer 34

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 35

punishment

Answer 35

an event that decreases the behavior it follows

Question 36

latent learning

Answer 36

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 37

cognitive mag

Answer 37

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they had learned a cognitive map of it.

Question 38

intrinsic motivation

Answer 38

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 39

extrinsic motivation

Answer 39

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Question 40

observational learning

Answer 40

learning by observing others

Question 41

modeling

Answer 41

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 42

mirror neurons

Answer 42

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning & empathy

Question 43

albert bandura

Answer 43

bobo doll

Question 44

prosocial behavior

Answer 44

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behaviors.