Chapter 7 Flashcards
Biological rhythms
Periodical physiological fluctuations
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves & our environment.
Circadian Rhythm
Biological clock. Regular body rhythms in a 24 hour period. (Ex: temp. & wakefulness)
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
Alpha Waves
Relatively slow brainwaves of a relaxed awake state.
Sleep
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation.
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences
Delta waves
Large, slow brainwaves associated with deep sleep.
Insomnia
Reoccurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder - uncontrollable sleep attacks.
Sleep Apnea
Sleep disorder characterized by temp. Cessations of breathing during sleep & repeated momentary awakenings
Night terrors
Sleep disorder - high arousal & an appearance of being terrorized unlike nightmares it occurs during stage 4 sleep. Within 2 or 3 hours.
Dream
A sequence of images, emotions & thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.
Freud’s wish-fulfillment
By fulfilling wishes, a dream provides a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest content
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
Latent content
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. (Believed latent content functions as a safety valve)
Information processing
Dreams help us sort out the day’s events & consolidate our memories.
Physiological function
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop & preserve neural pathways
Activation-synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories.
Cognitive development
Dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development - their knowledge & understanding.
REM rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. (Created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perception, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Anton Mesmer
Associated with quackery & phony - linked with skepticism surrounding hypnosis
Posthypnotic suggestion
A suggestion, made during hypnosis to be carried after the subject is no longer hypnotized. It’s used to help undesired symptoms & behaviors.
Social influence theory
The subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role she ignores the odors - Theodore Barber
Dissociation (divided-consciousness theory)
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others - Ernest hilgard
Ernest Hilgard
Dissociation
Theodore Barber
Social influence theory
Psychoactive drug
Chemical substances that alters perception & moods
Tolerance
Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger & larger doses before experiencing the drugs effects
Withdrawal
The discomfort & distress that follow that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Physical dependence
A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Psychological dependence
Psychological need to use a drug such as to relieve negative emotions
Addiction
Compulsive drug craving & use
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity & slow body functions (alcohol, barbiturates & opiates)
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety, but impairing memory & judgement
Opiates
Opium & it’s derivatives, such as morpheme & heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain & anxiety
Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural activity & speed up body functions (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy)
Amphetamines
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions & associated energy & mood changes.
Methamphetamines
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions & associated energy & mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Ecstasy (MDMA)
A synthetic stimulant & mind hallucinogen. Produces euphoria & social intimacy, but with short-term health risks & longer-term harm to serotonin producing neurons & to mood & cognition
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs such as LSD, that distort perceptions & evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
THC
The major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations
Near-death experience
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as tough cardiac arrest) often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Dualism
The presumption that mind & body are 2 distinct entities that interact
Monism
The presumption that mind & body are separate aspects of the same thing
