chapter 9: leadership Flashcards
Leadership
the influence that particular individuals exert on the goal achievement of others in an organizational context
leadership is about motivating people & gaining their commitment
what does effective leadership do?
exerts influence in a way that achieves organizational goals
enhancing the productivity, innovation, satisfaction, and commitment of the workforce
Strategic leadership (long-term implications)
Leadership that involves the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, & work with others
goal is to initiate changes that will create a viable future for the organization
what are some characteristics of strategic leaders
open & honest in their interactions with the organization’s stakeholders
They focus on the future
what is formal leadership?
individuals that occupy formal or assigned leadership roles
includes manager, executive, supervisor, department head
They hold a position of authority within the organization
true or false
Some managers and supervisors fail to exert any influence on others?
true
informal leadership
do not have a formal authority within the organization
what is the Trait Theory of leadership
Leadership depends on the personal qualities or traits (inherent) of the leader
those who become leaders & do a good job of it, possess a special set of traits that distinguish them from the masses of followers
what are traits?
individual characteristics
which are the three aspects of traits?
physical attributes
intellectual ability
personality
are all traites associated with leadership?
nah boy
which traits are associated with leadership
intelligence
energy and drive
self-confidence
dominance
motivation to lead
emotional stability
honesty and integrity
need for achievement
sociability
are all the Big Five dimensions of personality related to to leadership emergence and leadership success?
yeee boooy
which of the Big Five dimensions of personality are the most consistent predictions of leadership effectiveness?
extraversion
conscientiousness
The relationship between traits & leadership effectiveness is stronger for which types of measures of effectiveness?
affective and relational measures
performance-related measures
affective and relational measures of effectiveness
what is the best way to understand and improve leadership?
The trait approach
what are the limitations of the traits theory of leadership?
It is difficult to determine whether traits make the leader or whether the opportunity for leadership produces the traits
Does not tell us what leaders doto influence others successfully
It does not take into account the situation in which leadership occurs
It can lead to bias and discrimination when it comes to evaluating a leader’s effectiveness and decisions about promoting people to leadership positions
Traits are only a precondition for certain actions that a leader must take in order to be successful
Leader behaviours have a greater impact on leadership effectiveness than leader traits
what is the situational theories of leadership?
the effectiveness of a leadership style is contingent on the setting
which includes:
The characteristics of the employees
The nature of the task they are performing
Characteristics of the organization
in the situational theories of leadership, what does the situation refer to?
the setting in which influence attempts occur
are leaders effective in all types of situations if he is effective in one?
nah boy
House’s path-goal theory
the manager defines the path to various goals
House’s path-goal theory:
The most important activities of leaders are those that…
clarify the paths to various goals of interest to employees
House’s path-goal theory:
the opportunity to achieve goals of interests to employees promotes what?
job satisfaction
leader acceptance
high effort
these are all employee outcomes
House’s path-goal theory:
The effective leader forms a connection between what and what?
employee goals and organizational goals
House’s path-goal theory:
To achieve job satisfaction and leader acceptance, how must leader behavior be perceived?
immediately satisfying
as leading to future satisfaction
House’s path-goal theory:
To promote employee effort, what must leaders do regarding rewards?
leaders must make rewards dependent on performance (expectancy theory)
ensure that employees know how they can achieve these rewards
what are the specific kinds of leader behavior?
directive behavior
achievement-oriented behavior
supportive behavior
participative behavior
leader directive behavior
schedule work
maintain performance standards
let employees know what is expected of them
leader achievement-oriented behavior
leaders encourage employees to exert high effort and strive for a high level of goal accomplishment
leader supportive behavior
leaders are:
friendly
approachable
and concerned with pleasant interpersonal relationships
leader participative behavior
participative leaders consult with employees on work issues & consider their opinion
which type of leader behavior is identical to initiating structure?
directive behavior
which type of leader behavior is identical to consideration?
supportive behavior
what are situational factors
The impact of leader behaviour on employee satisfaction, effort, & acceptance of the leader depends on the nature of the employees & the work environmen
what are the Path-Goal’s theory two primary situational factors?
employee characteristics
environmental factors
the situational factor of employee characteristics:
Different types of employeesneed or prefer different forms of leadership
high need achievers should work alongside which type of leadership?
should work well under achievement-oriented leadership
employees who prefer ti be told what to do should work alongside which type of leadership?
directive leadership
employees who have los task abilities would work alongside which type of leadership?
directive leadership
the situational factor of environmental factors:
the effectiveness of leadership behaviour depends on the particular work environment
when tasks are clear and routined, which are the most useless types of leadership?
directive leadership
participative leadership
the work environment of ambiguity and challenge is apt for which types of leadership?
directive leadership
participative leadership
what type of leadership is the most effective when a job is frustrating or dissatisfying?
supportive leadership is most effective
what is the format of the path goal theory?
leader behavior depends on situational factors
these behaviors then lead to employee outcomes
what does most evidence show about the Path-Goal Theory?
Considerate leader behaviour is most beneficial in supervising routine, or dissatisfying jobs
what does only some evidence show about the Path-Goal Theory?
Directive or structuring leader behaviour is most effective on less-structured jobs
when does the Path-Goal theory work better?
works better in predicting employees’ job satisfaction
works better in predicting acceptance of leader
does the Path-Goal theory work for predicting job performance?
not as much as employee satisfaction and acceptance of leader
participative leadership (same as participative leader behavior)
one of the leader behaviors in the Path-Goal Theory
extent to which the involve employees in making work-related decisions
what are the 7 levels to which bosses can vary to the extent they involve their employees in decision making?
- Manager makes a decision and announces it (most authoritarian)
- manager “sells” decision
- manager presents ideas and invites questions
- manager presents tentative decisions subject to change
- manager presents problem, gets suggestions, makes decision
- manager defines limit, asks group to make decision
- manager permits employees to function within limits defined by superior (least authoritarian)
choice of participation should be tailored to what?
should be tailored to specific situations
what are the potential advantages of participative leadership on motivation?
participation increases the motivation of employees.
participation permits employees to contribute to the establishment of work goals and how to accomplish them.
Participation can increase intrinsic motivation by enriching jobs
what are the potential advantages of participative leadership on quality of work?
Participation can enhance the quality of decisions.
Participation also enhance quality as it empowers employees to take direct action & solve problems
what are the potential advantages of participative leadership on acceptance?
Participation can increase the employees’ acceptance of decisions
what are the potential problems of participative leadership on time and energy?
participation requires specific behaviours on the part of the leader that use time & energy
what are the potential problems of participative leadership on loss of power?
some leaders feel that a participative style will reduce their power and influence
Sometimes, leaders respond by asking employees to make trivial decisions
what are the potential problems of participative leadership on lack of receptivity and knowledge?
Employees might not be receptive to participation when the leader is not trusted or when a poor labour climate exists
Employees might lack the knowledge to contribute effectively to decisions
employees might not be aware of external constraints on their decisions
what is transactional leadership?
based on a straightforward exchange relationship between leader & followers
what is the contingent reward behavior from the transactional leadership?
gives rewards based on employee performance
what is management by exception from the transactional leadership?
leadership that involves the leader taking corrective action
based on the results of leader-follower transactions
The leader monitors follower behaviour, anticipates problems, and takes corrective actions before the behaviour creates serious problems
what is transformational leadership
provides followers with a new vision that implant true commitment
what do transformational leaders do?
change the beliefs and attitudes of followers
they want to make them correspond with a new vision and motivates them to achieve performance beyond expectations
what are transformational leaders usually good at?
clarifying the paths to goals
rewarding good performance
what are the key dimensions of transformational leader behavior?
intellectual stimulation
individualized consideration
inspirational motivation
charisma (the most important aspect of transformational leadership)
intellectual stimulation (key transformational leader dimension)
Stimulates employees to think on problems, issues, strategies in new ways
contributes to the “new vision” aspect of transformational leadership.
The leader challenges assumptions, takes risks, and solicits followers’ ideas.
what does intellectual stimulation usually involve to challenge assumptions, take risks, and solicit followers’ ideas?
creativity
novelty
individualized consideration (key transformational leader dimension)
treating employees as distinct individuals
indicating concern for their needs & personal development
serving as a mentor or coach when appropriate
inspirational motivation (key transformational leader dimension)
stimulate enthusiasm
challenge followers with high standards
communicate optimism about future goal attainment
provide meaning for the task at hand
Charisma (key transformational leader dimension)
the most important aspect of transformational leadership
The ability to command strong loyalty and devotion from followers
have the potential for strong influence among followers
Charismatic leadership has been found to be strongly related to follower satisfaction and
leadership effectiveness
which key dimension provides the emotional aspect of transformational leadership?
charisma bruv
what allowed for the emergence of charisma?
a complex function of traits, behaviours, and being in the
right place at the right time
true or false
CEOs who are perceived as charismatic are trash
false bruh
CEOs who are perceived to be charismatic are perceived to be more effective
what has research evidence shown about transformational leadership?
strongly related to:
follower motivation and satisfaction
leader performance
leader effectiveness
individual, group, and organization performance
according to evidence, what type of leadership has been found to be the most consistent predictor of leadership?
transformational leadership
which is the most important key transformational leader dimension?
charisma bruv
according to evidence, what are transformational leaders instrumental in?
developing high-quality LMX (leader-member exchange)
identification with one’s work unit
self-efficacy
person-organization value congruence
to conclude this bs, which are the best type of leaders?
transformational leaders
transactional leaders
