Chapter 2: personality and learning Flashcards
what is personality?
set of psychological characteristics
Dimensions and traits
influences the way an individual Interacts with his/her environment
influences the way an individual Feels, thinks and behaves
where does personality come from?
determined by genetic predisposition and one’s long-term learning history
do people have a variety of personality characteristics?
yeeeee
What is the role of Personality in OB?
role of personality in what is known as the “person-situation debate”
person-situation debate leads to three approaches
which ones
The dispositional approach
The situational approach
The interactionist approach
The dispositional approach
It’s just the way your are
The situational approach
Your environment influences the way you are
The interactionist approach
Both environment and disposition determines the way you are
what is the Five-Factor Model of Personality?
Five basic but general dimensions that describe personality
what are the five dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of Personality?
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism / Emotional stability
what is the dimension that is important for jobs that involve learning and creativity
Openness to experience
what the strongest predictor of overall job performance across all occupations?
conscientiousness
high Openness to experience
curious and original
creative
dreamers
low Openness to experience
conservative
dull
unimaginative
very down to earth
high Conscientiousness
dependable and responsible
follow rule
low Conscientiousness
careless and impulsive
messy and may cheat others
high extraversion
sociable and talkative
high extraversion
sociable and talkative
low extraversion
withdrawn and shy
work on their projects alone
high emotional stability
stable and confident
high emotional stability
stable and confident
what is important in jobs that require interaction/ cooperation/ teamwork?
Agreeableness
high Agreeableness
tolerant and cooperative
high Agreeableness
tolerant and cooperative
polite and like people
low Agreeableness
cold and rude
tend to tell it like is is
what is agreeableness?
individuals adjust their behavior to suit others
what is conscientiousness
being honest and hardworking
what is neuroticism?
personality trait of being emotional
what is openness to experience?
seeking. new experiences and intellectual pursuits
what is the loss of locus?
A set of beliefs about whether one’s behaviour is controlled mainly by internal or external factors
internal factors in the loss of control
the opportunity to control their own behaviour resides within themselves
internal factors in the loss of control
the opportunity to control their own behaviour resides within themselves
self initiative
free will
personal action
external factors in the loss of control
external forces determine their behaviour
fate
luck
powerful people
what is learning
practice or experience leads to a relatively permanent change in behaviour potential
practice or experience that prompts learning stems from an environment that provides feedback concerning the consequences of behaviour
what are the two theories that describe how people in organizations learn?
Operant learning theory
Social cognitive theory
Operant learning theory
subject learns to operate on the environment to achieve certain consequences
Operantly learned behaviour is controlled by the consequences that follow it
It is learning by doing
the connection between the behaviour and the consequence that is learned
to increase the probability of desired behaviours and to reduce or eliminate the probability of undesirable behaviours, what learning theory would you use?
operant learning theory
what are some mistakes that managers do with reinforcements?
Confusing rewards with reinforcers
Neglecting diversity in preferences for reinforcers
Neglecting important sources of reinforcement
how can reinforcements be?
Continuous versus partial
Immediate versus delayed
what are two strategies that can reduce the probability of learned behaviour?
Extinction
Punishment
what type of reinforcement would fast learning need?
continuous and immediate
what type of reinforcement would slow learning need?
partial and delayed
social cognitive learning?
emphasizes the role of cognitive processesin regulating people’s behaviour
People learn by observing the behaviour of others
what are the components of social cognitive learning?
Observational learning
Self-efficacy beliefs
Self-regulation
what is the acronym used to describe the five dimensions of the five factor model of personality?
OCEAN
Openness to new experiences
Comfortability with ambiguous situations
Extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism/emotional stability
what is self monitoring in the locus of control
the extent to which people o bserve and r egulate how they appear and behave in social settings and relationships
what do low self monitors do in the locus of control?
act like they feel and say what they think without regard to the situation
what do high self monitors do in the locus of control?
behave somewhat like actors
taking great care to observe and control the
images that they project
what is self esteem
Self-esteem is the d egree t o which a person has a p ositive self-evaluation.
how do people with high self esteem tend to be?
make more fulfilling career decisions and have higher job satisfaction and job performance
They have favourable self-images.
what type of skills do employees learn?
practical skills
interpersonal skills
intrapersonal skills
cultural awareness
practical skills
job specific skills
knowledge
technical competence
intrapersonal skills
problem solving
critical thinking
alternative work processes
interpersonal Skills:
Interactive skills
communicating, teamwork & conflict resolution
cultural awareness
social norms of organization
company goals
business operations
expectations
priorities
what is the process by which stimuli strengthen behavior
increases or maintains the probability of that behavior.
a reinforcement
how do positive reinforcers work?
increases or maintains the probability of some behaviour
application or addition of a stimulus to the situation in question
how do negative reinforcers work
increases or maintains the probability of some behaviour
removal of a n egative stimulus from the situation in question
why is confusing rewards with reinforcements a common mistake made by managers
rewards fail to serve as reinforces when they are not made contingent/possible on some specific desired behaviors
what are the two main types of reinforcement sources that managers often ignore
Performance feedback
Social recognition
when reducing the probability of a learned behavior, what is extinction?
vag le reinforcement
the behavior will dissipate itself
what are the problems of using punishment as a mean of reducing a certain behavior?
It does not demonstrate which behaviors should replace to punish response
Punishment indicates only what is not appropriate
Temporarily suppresses the unwanted behavior
Can provoke a strong emotional reaction
what is self efficacy in social cognitive learning?
beliefs people h ave about their ability to successfully perform a specific task
the result of 4 sources of information: performance mastery; observation; verbal persuasion & encouragement; & physiological state
what is self regulation in social cognitive learning?
observing your own behaviour, comparing it to a standard
rewarding oneself (self-reinforcement) when behavior meets the standard
what is the discrepancy reduction in the self regulating process
discrepancy between one’s goals and performance which
motivates one to modify their behaviour
what is the discrepancy production in the self regulating process
When individuals attain their goals they are likely to set higher and more challenging goals
