Chapter 9 Language and Thought

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

set of symbols used for communication unique to humans that supports creative and progressive social interaction

Question 2

3 components of language

Answer 2

language production, speech, language comprehension

Question 3

Language production

Answer 3

structured, conventional expression of thoughts through words

Question 4

speech

Answer 4

the expression of language through words

Question 5

language comprehension

Answer 5

process of understanding spoken, written, signed language

Question 6

Phonology

Answer 6

study of how individual sounds or phonemes are used to produce language

Question 7

Phoneme

Answer 7

smallest unit of sound in a language, individual sound

Question 8

morpheme

Answer 8

smallest unit of language that conveys meaning

Question 9

semantics

Answer 9

how meaning in language is constructed of individual words and sentences

Question 10

syntax

Answer 10

system for using words (semantics) and word order to convey meaning (grammar)

Question 11

Pragmatics

Answer 11

practical aspects of language usage (speech pace, gesturing, body language)

Question 12

What is the sequence of language learning?

Answer 12

Prevocal, babbling, first words, telegraphic, pragmatics, grammar

Question 13

What happens during pre vocal learning?

Answer 13

babies distinguish phonemes that they use later for language like cooing or vowel like sounds

Question 14

what happens during babbling stage of language learning?

Answer 14

meaningless experimental sounds preceding actual language

Question 15

what happens when babies say their first word?

Answer 15

Simple single word talking begins with comprehension exceeding speech

Question 16

what happens during telegraphic speech?

Answer 16

simple 2 word sentences but do not have essential words mommy cookie

Question 17

what happens during pragmatics stage of development?

Answer 17

basic understanding of practical info regarding language

Question 18

what happens during grammar stage of development?

Answer 18

basic rules of grammar are understood without formal education

Question 19

The effect of nature on child’s language learning

Answer 19

children are genetically programmed at birth to learn language

Question 20

The effect of nurture on child’s language learning

Answer 20

language is totally learned (behaviourist skinner) where babies are given rewards for a word or sound and so they repeat it

Question 21

Which political leader is connected to the effect of nature on child’s language learning?

Answer 21

Chomsky wrote manufacturing consent and says we are born w language learning device in our brain that allows us to easily learn language

Question 22

Critical period in language development

Answer 22

window of time where certain influences are necessary for appropriate formation in the brian

Question 23

Sensitive period in language development

Answer 23

window of time during which the brain is more susceptible to influences

Question 24

child-directed speech

Answer 24

simple high-pitched, slow paced, emotion charged speech used by adults when speaking w babies and young children
- this can help keep babies interested and learn words

Question 25

overregularization

Answer 25

process by which elementary school children apply learned grammatical rules to improperly make language more regular than it really is (thinked instead of thought)

Question 26

Broca’s centre in the brain

Answer 26

Responsible for speech production, grammar comprehension

Question 27

Wernickes centre in the brain

Answer 27

Responsible for language comprehension, located in temporal lobe

Question 28

what happens when the broca’s centre is damaged?

Answer 28

Broca’s aphasia
- women can understand what is asked of her and knows what she wants to say but she cannot put the words together properly

Question 29

what happens when the wernickes area is damaged?

Answer 29

Fluent aphasia
- the man is completely fluent with his words and can comprehend what is asked of him, but the meanings of his words do not connect or work in the context but he thinks he is totally making sense

Question 30

True or false language learning ability declines as we age

Answer 30

True it is easier to learn language when we are younger and we are more proficient

Question 31

True or false language production and comprehension tend to occur at an earlier age in girls than boys

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Women are more likely to use ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ to process language info

Answer 32

both hemispheres of the brain

Question 33

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 33

Vocabulary for objects/concepts in a language influences how speakers of that language think about them

Question 34

Automatic processing in thought

Answer 34

Seems effortless, requires less attention, not usually disrupted much if we are distracted

Question 35

Controlled processing in thought

Answer 35

effortful, relies on limited capacity system

Question 36

Cognitive control

Answer 36

Ability to guide thinking and actions despite distraction, attention and pursue complex behaviour

Question 37

Executive function

Answer 37

brain’s ability to control and manage the mental processing of info

Question 38

Dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 38

impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activities

Question 39

problem solving

Answer 39

involves thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal

Question 40

Three steps to solving a problem

Answer 40

1) define current state
2) define ultimate goal
3) determine diff between these two

Question 41

Two strategies for solving the problem

Answer 41

algorithm and heuristic

Question 42

algorithm as a problem solving strategy

Answer 42

step by step procedure to solve problems that guarantees a solution

Question 43

heuristic as a problem solving strategy

Answer 43

shortcut to solving problems but does not guarantee correct solution

Question 44

Using heuristics

Answer 44

work backwards, form subgoals and use analogy heuristic where u apply solution from a previous problem that shares similar characteristics