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PS102 > Chapter 14 Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Stress Flashcards

1
Q

stress

A

response to a situation that threatens one’s sense of well being

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2
Q

stressor

A

something that triggers stress response

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3
Q

2 types of stressors

A

Acute- short term with definite endpoint
Chronic- long term, no definite endpoint

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4
Q

3 ways of experiencing stress

A

Frustrated: emotion when smtg prevents us from reaching a goal
Pressure: expectation/demand to act in a certain way
Conflict: discomfort bc 2 or more incompatible goals or impulses

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5
Q

Three basic types of conflict that can lead to stresss

A

approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance
approach-avoidance

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6
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

when someone must choose between 2 equally desirable options

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7
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

when someone must choose between 2 equally undesirable options

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8
Q

approach-avoidance

A

when any available choice has both desirable and undesirable qualities

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9
Q

daily hassles

A

small, everyday issues that accumulate to become a source of stress

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10
Q

life changes

A

altered circumstances requiring adjustment (marriage, death, illness, breakup)

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11
Q

social readjustment scale (SSRS)

A

assigns life change units to various events that can occur in one’s life

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12
Q

Traumatic events

A

unexpected disruptive events ex. natural disasters, witness violence

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13
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder

A

anxiety disorder caused by a major traumatic event, characterized by lingering and persistent, frightening thoughts or memories of the event along with anxiety and depression

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14
Q

Chronic negative situations

A

continued negative situation
living in poverty or dangerous place

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15
Q

chronic illness

A

pain and limitations bc illness

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16
Q

chronic job stress

A

first responders deal with life threatening medical problems

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17
Q

existential stress

A

climate change

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18
Q

tend and befriend response

A

females are more likely to have extensive and well maintained social networks than males. Females can lean on their friends when coping with stress

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19
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

three-stage response to stress identified by the stages:
alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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20
Q

Alarm stage

A

Stage 1 of GAS
Body’s initial reaction to initial exposure to stressor
Fight or flight
Resistance is reduced
Physical arousal

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21
Q

Resistance stage

A

Stage 2 of GAS
Body attempts to stabilize if the stressor continues
Body is less able to have the energy to fight additional stressors

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22
Q

diseases of adaptation

A

Occurs during stage 2 (resistance stage) of GAS, body is less able to have the energy to combat additional stressors and becomes more vulnerable to health problems: asthma, high blood pressure, impaired immune function

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23
Q

Exhaustion stage

A

Stage 3 of GAS
Further exposure to stressor depletes energy and resistance
If it continues the organism can suffer organ damage or die

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24
Q

Emotional responses to stress

A

Bodily arousal
More negative emotions
Stress goes away = more positive

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25
Q

What determines what negative emotions accompany stress?

A

Depends on an individual’s personal style and the stress inducing situation

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26
Q

Cognitive responses to stress

A

Key feature of stress is how we appraise the situation and our ability to handle it

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27
Q

primary appraisal

A

first step of Lazarus description of how ppl experience stress
How big of a stressor is it

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28
Q

secondary appraisal

A

second step of Lazarus description of how ppl experience stress
one’s ability to deal with the stressor

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29
Q

4 individual responses to stress

A

autonomic reactivity, explanatory style, personality, social support

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30
Q

autonomic reactivity and stress

A

individual response
differences in intensity of autonomic nervous system (specifically sympathetic nervous system)
Ppl consistently display either high or low cardiovascular activity in response to stressor

31
Q

explanatory style and stress (2 types)

A

individual response
Can make a diff in how we appraise and respond to stressors
Generally optimistic style
Generally pessimistic style

32
Q

generally optimistic style

A

Believe that despite setbacks things will get better

33
Q

generally pessimistic style

A

Believe that if things can go wrong they will, gloomy

34
Q

optimistic brand of pessimism

A

believe things will go wrong but hope they won’t

35
Q

personality and stress

A

individual response
sets the tone for how we react and appraise stressors

36
Q

hardy/stress-resistant personality

A

welcomes challemnges, takes control, view stressors as growth opportunities

37
Q

Type A personality

A

Interact w the world in a way that causes continual stress
Competitive, impatient, angry, hostile

38
Q

Type B personality

A

Lower levels of stress
more relaxed, less aggressive, less hostile

39
Q

Type C personality

A

vulnerable to stress
positive attitudes but unable to express or acknowledge negative feelings, tend to turn anger inward, take losses and relationship problems hard

40
Q

Type D personality

A

D stands for distress, lots of health implications
worry, gloominess and social inhibition

41
Q

social support and stress

A

More social support means less stress
Support may increase self-confidence in dealing with stressors
Presence of others reduces bodily arousal and negative emotions

42
Q

coping

A

cognitive and behavioural strategies to manage stress

43
Q

lashing out

A

typically occurs after a series of stressors and involves angry words and behaviours
cause psychological or physical damage
Not a constructive way of dealing with stress

44
Q

self defence

A

defensive, avoidant, behaviours to protect oneself from stress

45
Q

self-disclosure

A

sharing of emotions and experiences with others in person/online to help deal w stress

46
Q

repressive coping style

A

consistently denying negative feelings and discomfort to try and push emotions out of awareness

47
Q

self-indulgence

A

help people feel better short term but do not change the challenge at hand (no long term benefit)
ex alcohol, drugs, overeating

48
Q

constructive strategies

A

distinguishes between two kinds of constructive strategies that are used depends partly on the nature of the problem
problem focused and emotion focused

49
Q

problem focused coping

A

constructive strategy
efforts aimed on directly dealing with the stressor, like changing the stressor in some way

50
Q

emotion focused coping

A

constructive strategy
changing feelings about the stressor

51
Q

cognitive reappraisal

A

finding a way to interpret the negative aspects of an uncontrollable situation so that they are less upsetting

52
Q

coronary heart disease

A

2nd leading cause of death
interaction of psychological factors (job stress) and physiological factors (high cholesterol, obesity, smoking)

53
Q

Which personality type is more at risk for coronary heart disease? why?

A

Type A (aka coronary prone personality)
Because they have stress inducing behaviours

54
Q

Which traits make personalities more prone to coronary heart disease?

A

Hostility bc more stress (A)
Gloominess and social inhibition (D)

55
Q

social inhibition

A

tendency to avoid social interactions bc of fear of others disapproving of actions or feelings

56
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

area of study focuses on links between stress, immune system and health

57
Q

immune system

A

organs, tissues, cells, that destroy foreign invaders

58
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells, key in fighting bacterial and viral invaders

59
Q

cortisol

A

lowers immune system functioning

60
Q

cytokines

A

chronic cortisol drives up cytokine levels which leads to long term inflammation that can contribute to heart disease, stoke, illnesses

61
Q

distress

A

stress caused by unpleasant situations or circumstances

62
Q

eustress

A

optimal level of stress

63
Q

purpose of social support in managing stress

A

helps shield us from negative effects of stress

64
Q

inoculation

A

dealing with small levels of stress to improve functioning in increasingly stressful situations

65
Q

post traumatic stress disorder

A

anxiety disorder in response to a traumatic event

66
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A

1) memories, dreams, nightmares of event
2) avoid activities or any reminders of the event
3) depression, anxiety guilt, fear
4) sleep problems, may feel detached from others

67
Q

What causes PTSD?

A

combat, natural disasters, abuse, victimization

68
Q

Who develops PTSD?

A

Any age
10% of canadians
2x common in women than men

69
Q

Biological factors of PTSD

A

1) intense biochemical reactions that continue far beyond fight or flight
2) may have exaggerated sympathetic nervous system responses and blunted HPA axis responses to stress
3) may have a smaller hippocampus or the biochemical arousal may shrink hippocampus

70
Q

Personality and PTSD

A

ppl with less resilient personalities are more likely to develop PTSD

71
Q

Childhood experiences and PTSD

A

experiences may increase risk of developing PTSD
- poverty, abuse, catastrophe at a young age

72
Q

Personality traits associated w decreased likelihood of developing PTSD

A

optimism, constructive coping, more resilient

73
Q

social environment and PTSD

A

individuals w strong social support are less likely to experience PTSD

PS102 (5 decks)

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