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PS102 > Chapter 8 Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

faculty for recalling past events and past learning

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2
Q

what are the three activities that memory involves?

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

getting info into memory in the first place into a form so the brain can understand it

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4
Q

Storage

A

keeping the memories so you can use them later

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

finding the memories and using them when we need to

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6
Q

Information processing model

A

View of memory that says info moves around the 3 memory store during encoding, storage and retrieval

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7
Q

What are the three memory stores associated with the information processing model?

A

Sensory memory, working memory, long term memory stages

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8
Q

sensory memory

A

we encounter a stimulus and then our brain retains the image for less than a second so it helps us keep items we briefly experience for longer and choose to pay more attention to it

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9
Q

Visual memory/iconic memory

A

Small copy of the visual event we just saw

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory system that holds info for a short time

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11
Q

Short term memory

A

storage location where stimuli may be held for a brief period of time that later develops into working memory

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12
Q

working memory

A

composed of different processes and systems for processing diff kinds of info someone is working on and keeping it available for easy access

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13
Q

Central executive in working memory

A

supervisor that monitors and coordinates entire working memory system by telling attentional resources what to do and specifically prioritizing certain info

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14
Q

Phonological loop

A

part of the working memory that process written and spoken info aka little voice that tells u what u need to remember and keeps that info in active memory

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15
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

part of working memory that keeps track of images and spatial locations for navigation processes aka inner eye

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16
Q

Episodic buffer

A

part of working memory that links together other parts of the working memory and creates link sto time and order and to long term memory

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17
Q

Difference between working memory and short term memory

A

Working memory is an entire framework of hierarchy of processes used to temporarily store and manipulate info but short term memory is composed of sub systems rather than one single model

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17
Q

Difference between working memory and short term memory

A

Working memory is an entire framework of hierarchy of processes used to temporarily store and manipulate info but short term memory is composed of sub systems rather than one single model

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18
Q

Executive attention

A

Component responsible for overseeing the maintenance of goals and for controlloing interference when a person is engaging in complex cognitive tasks
- controls working memory and executive function

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19
Q

long term memory system

A

can retain what seems like unlimited amount of info for an indefinite time period

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20
Q

parallel distributed-processing model (PDP/connectionist) model

A

theory that suggests info is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks

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21
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding info with little conscious awareness or effort

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22
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding info through careful attention and conscious effort

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23
Q

Differences between effortful and automatic processing

A
  • Effortful processing gets disrupted when you have to do multiple tasks at once or attend to other info at the same time
  • automatic processing is effortless so it is only disrupted slightly when multitasking
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24
Q

Rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info in an attempt to make sure info is encoded and increases likelihood it will enter our working memory and be available when needed

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25
Q

When is long term memory used?

A

Remembering past events, previously gathered info, people we met, past feelings, acquired skills

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26
Q

spaced practice effect

A

encoding of material through rehearsal situations over time

27
Q

Three forms info is encoded

A

phonological code, visual, semantic

28
Q

phonological code

A

repeating sounds and numbers, used more for verbal info like numbers and words

29
Q

visual code

A

holding an image in our mind like ppls faces or objects

30
Q

semantic code

A

representations based on the meaning of info, linking new things to things we already know and have a shared meaning

31
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

techniques used to enhance meaningfulness of info as a way of making them more memorable

32
Q

schemas

A

knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences or other knowledge bases

33
Q

How does info enter the working memory?

A

Sensory info that is briefly stored or info that was in the long term memory and moves back to working in order for the task at hand

34
Q

True or false: Once info enters working memory, it can be stored forever.

A

False. It can only be stored for a limited period of time
- only 5-9 items can be stored there at a given moment

35
Q

memory span

A

max number of items that can be recalled in the correct order

36
Q

chunking

A

grouping bits of info together to improve ability to hold that info in the working memory

37
Q

How long can memories be stored in the long term memory?

A

Unlimited time

38
Q

What affects if certain events will be stored in the long term memory or not?

A
  • Items that are attended to must be encoded and briefly stored in the working memory before it can move to long term
  • if attention and encoding activities are disrupted they may not be stored
39
Q

Types or memories in long term memory

A

explicit or implicit

40
Q

Two types of explicit memories

A

semantic and episodic

41
Q

explicit memories

A

memories that you can consciously bring to mind

42
Q

The role of the hippocampus in long term memory storage

A

A temporary storage site where long term memories are stored and later more to various areas of the neocortex

43
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge

44
Q

episodic memory

A

personal events

45
Q

implicit memories

A

memories that we are not consciously awake of (motor behaviours, skills, habits)

46
Q

Where are implicit memories stored?

A

Striatum - region near midline in the brain

47
Q

how are long term memories organized?

A

Not entirely understood but
- pieces of info linked to eachother which forms interwoven associations which allows us to travel rapidly through long term memory to find info needed
- connectionist model of memory

48
Q

Two theories for how retrieval works

A

search process and activation process

49
Q

search process for retrieving memories

A

someone focuses on a specific question and scans memory for the answer

50
Q

activation process for retrieving memories

A

process where the questions ppl ask themselves triggers pieces of info that are needed from long-term memory

51
Q

Retrieval cues

A

words, sites or other stimuli that can trigger a memory

52
Q

context effects

A

we can remember things better in the same place we first learned them

53
Q

Priming

A

one piece of info helps us retrieve other related memories

54
Q

recognition tasks

A

memory tasks where ppl are asked to identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before

55
Q

recall tasks

A

memory tasks where ppl are asked to produce info using little to no retrieval cues

56
Q

Primacy effect when reading a group of people a list of 12 words

A

as the ppl listened to the words, ppl could carry out more working memory (repeating the words over and over) on the words at the top of the list before other words came along and replaced them in short term memory

57
Q

Recency effect when reading a group of people a list of 12 words

A

items at the end of the list are still in working memory when the reading ended and there was less interference for the words at the end of the list

58
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency to remember things at the beginning of a list vs the middle

59
Q

recency effect

A

items at the end of the list remain in the working memory so they are remembered easier

60
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

theoretical framework that asserts that memory retrieval is better when the info available at retrieval is similar to the info available at the time of encoding

61
Q

3 reasons why we forget and misremember

A

encoding failure, storage failure, retrieval failure

62
Q

encoding failure

A

info was never learned in the first place

63
Q

storage failure

A

biological problem (head trauma or alzheimers)

64
Q

retrieval theory

A

info was encoded and stored by you cannot get it out of your brain

65
Q

decay theory

A

theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over long periods of time

66
Q

Misinformation effect

A

development of biased memories when ppl are provided with misleading info following a witnessed event

PS102 (5 decks)

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