CHAPTER 9: language and communication

Question 1

language

Answer 1

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

Question 2

grammar

Answer 2

a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

Question 3

phonemes

Answer 3

the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than as random noise

Question 4

phonological rules

Answer 4

rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

Question 5

morphemes

Answer 5

the smallest meaningful units of language

Question 6

morphological rules

Answer 6

set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

Question 7

syntactical rules

Answer 7

a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

Question 8

deep structure

Answer 8

the meaning of a sentence

Question 9

surface structure

Answer 9

how a sentence is worded

Question 10

the average 1 year old has a vocabulary of how many words

Answer 10

10

Question 11

children learn __ words everyday

Answer 11

6-7

Question 12

passive mastery

Answer 12

ability to understand develops faster than active mastery

Question 13

active mastery

Answer 13

ability to speak develops after passive mastery

Question 14

babbling begins…

Answer 14

between 4 and 6 months

Question 15

first words begin…

Answer 15

10-12 months

Question 16

fast mapping

Answer 16

in which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

Question 17

telegraphic sentences

Answer 17

devoid of function morphemes and consist most and consist mostly of content words

Question 18

behaviorist theory of language development

Answer 18

BF skinner

we learn to talk in the same way we learn any other skills through reinforcement, shaping, extinction, etc.

Question 19

nativist theory of language development

Answer 19

Noam Chomsky
language-learning capacities are built into the human brain and are separate from general intelligence
the view that language development is best explained as an innate biological capacity

Question 20

genetic dysphasia

Answer 20

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

Question 21

interactionist theory of language development

Answer 21

although infants are born with an innate ability to acquire language, social interactions also play a crucial role in language.

Question 22

language areas of the brain

Answer 22

brocas area and wernicke’s area

Question 23

broca’s area

Answer 23

located in the left frontal cortex involved in the production of the sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages

Question 24

wernicke’s area

Answer 24

located in the temporal cortex, is involved in language comprehension

Question 25

aphasia

Answer 25

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

Question 26

concept

Answer 26

a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

Question 27

prototype

Answer 27

the best or most typical member of a category

Question 28

exemplar theory

Answer 28

we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of that category

Question 29

category-specific deficit

Answer 29

a neurological syndrome characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed damage to front temporal lobe results in difficulty identifying humans lower temp lobe - animals

Question 30

rational choice theory

Answer 30

the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome and then multiplying the two - our judgments will vary depending on the value we assign to the possible outcomes

Question 31

irrational reality

Answer 31

the ability to classify new events and objects into categories

Question 32

frequency format hypothesis

Answer 32

the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

Question 33

availability bias

Answer 33

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

Question 34

conjunction fallacy

Answer 34

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

Question 35

representativeness heuristic

Answer 35

a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

Question 36

framing effect

Answer 36

occurs when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

Question 37

sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 37

framing the effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

Question 38

prospect theory

Answer 38

people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

Question 39

intelligence

Answer 39

the ability to direct ones thinking, adapt to ones circumstances and learn from ones experiences

Question 40

deviation IQ

Answer 40

a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age

Question 41

ration IQ

Answer 41

A statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the persons physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Question 42

two-factor theory of intelligence

Answer 42

sperman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)

Question 43

fluid intelligence

Answer 43

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

Question 44

crystallized intelligence

Answer 44

the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

Question 45

emotional intelligence

Answer 45

the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

Question 46

fraternal twins

Answer 46

two diff eggs two diff sperm

Question 47

identical twins

Answer 47

splitting of a single egg one sperm

Question 48

shared environment

Answer 48

those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household

Question 49

nonshared environment

Answer 49

those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household