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PSYC101 > CHAPTER 9: language and communication > Flashcards

CHAPTER 9: language and communication Flashcards

1
Q

language

A

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

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2
Q

grammar

A

a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

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3
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than as random noise

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4
Q

phonological rules

A

rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

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5
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest meaningful units of language

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6
Q

morphological rules

A

set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

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7
Q

syntactical rules

A

a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

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8
Q

deep structure

A

the meaning of a sentence

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9
Q

surface structure

A

how a sentence is worded

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10
Q

the average 1 year old has a vocabulary of how many words

A

10

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11
Q

children learn __ words everyday

A

6-7

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12
Q

passive mastery

A

ability to understand develops faster than active mastery

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13
Q

active mastery

A

ability to speak develops after passive mastery

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14
Q

babbling begins…

A

between 4 and 6 months

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15
Q

first words begin…

A

10-12 months

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16
Q

fast mapping

A

in which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

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17
Q

telegraphic sentences

A

devoid of function morphemes and consist most and consist mostly of content words

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18
Q

behaviorist theory of language development

A

BF skinner

we learn to talk in the same way we learn any other skills through reinforcement, shaping, extinction, etc.

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19
Q

nativist theory of language development

A

Noam Chomsky
language-learning capacities are built into the human brain and are separate from general intelligence
the view that language development is best explained as an innate biological capacity

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20
Q

genetic dysphasia

A

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

21
Q

interactionist theory of language development

A

although infants are born with an innate ability to acquire language, social interactions also play a crucial role in language.

22
Q

language areas of the brain

A

brocas area and wernicke’s area

23
Q

broca’s area

A

located in the left frontal cortex involved in the production of the sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages

24
Q

wernicke’s area

A

located in the temporal cortex, is involved in language comprehension

25
Q

aphasia

A

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

26
Q

concept

A

a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

27
Q

prototype

A

the best or most typical member of a category

28
Q

exemplar theory

A

we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of that category

29
Q

category-specific deficit

A

a neurological syndrome characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed
damage to front temporal lobe results in difficulty identifying humans
lower temp lobe - animals

30
Q

rational choice theory

A

the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome and then multiplying the two
- our judgments will vary depending on the value we assign to the possible outcomes

31
Q

irrational reality

A

the ability to classify new events and objects into categories

32
Q

frequency format hypothesis

A

the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

33
Q

availability bias

A

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

34
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

35
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

36
Q

framing effect

A

occurs when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

37
Q

sunk-cost fallacy

A

framing the effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

38
Q

prospect theory

A

people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

39
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to direct ones thinking, adapt to ones circumstances and learn from ones experiences

40
Q

deviation IQ

A

a statistic obtained by dividing a person’s test score by the average test score of people in the same age

41
Q

ration IQ

A

A statistic obtained by dividing a person’s mental age by the persons physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

42
Q

two-factor theory of intelligence

A

sperman’s theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)

43
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

44
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

45
Q

emotional intelligence

A

the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

46
Q

fraternal twins

A

two diff eggs two diff sperm

47
Q

identical twins

A

splitting of a single egg one sperm

48
Q

shared environment

A

those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household

49
Q

nonshared environment

A

those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household

PSYC101 (9 decks)

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