Chapter 9 Kinesiology (page 26) Flashcards
Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an outside force. This statement is _______________.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
____________ is the study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement.
Kinesiology
______________: Acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
This refers to any device that is used to accomplish work by applying force in some way to gain mechanical advantage.
Machines
________________ states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
This is the study and analysis of mechanical kinesiology or human performance through the principles of mechanics.
Biomechanics
Structural Kinesiology is understanding one’s ability to _________________.
Move anatomically
Give 5 examples of Simple Machines
- *1. Pulley
2. Wheel and axle
3. Lever
4. Inclined plane
5. Screw**
Lever is rigid bar which revolves about a fixed point, the ________.
Fulcrum
________ is a simple machine used to change the direction of the pulling force by means of a band, belt, etc.
Pulley
The ratio of the force which performs useful work of a machine to the force which is applied to the machine. This explains the concept of _______________.
Mechanical Advantage
Mechanical Advantage is represented by the ratio of the ________________ to the ________________. (MA = FA/RA)
Length of the power arm
Length of the resistance arm
_____________: The force is located between the fulcrum and the weight.
Third Class Lever
____________: The weight is between the fulcrum and the force.
Second Class Lever
The fulcrum is between the force and the weight.
First Class Lever
In a simple lever, force applied at right angles to the lever, multiplied by the force arm equals weight times resistance arm. This shows the concept of _____________.
Laws of Levers
(F x FA = W x RA)
___________ is the distance from the fulcrum to the point where force is applied.
___________ is the distance from the fulcrum to the center of gravity of the weight.
The Force Arm
The Weight Arm
_________ of the body act as levers which creates mechanical advantage of strength or speed by producing a turning motion about an axis.
Bones
Most of the movements of the body are produced by ___________ levers.
Third class
______________ can give strength or speed depending on where the fulcrum is located. ______________ are oriented towards speed of movement rather than strength. ____________ give strength.
First Class Levers
(>,<,=1)
Third Class Levers
(<1)
Second Class Levers
(>1)
To be most effective, the force must be directed ____________ to the lever.
At right angles
If a person desires to exert a large amount of force he should have as long a ________ arm as possible.
Force (arm)
Identify the four planes of movements
- *1. Sagittal Plane
2. Coronal Plane
3. Transverse/horizontal Plane
4. Oblique Plane**
This plane passes through the body at an angle.
Oblique Plane
This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides.
Sagittal Plane
____________ - vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior. This is the plane where abduction/adduction occurs.
Coronal Plane
____________: This plane divides the body into superior
and inferior.
Transverse or Horizontal Plane
This is where horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction occurs
The _______________ is always at 90 degrees of the plane of movement.
Axis of Movement
Identify four Axes of Movement
- *1. Frontal (Coronal) Axis
2. Sagittal Axis
3. Vertical Axis
4. Longitudinal Axis**
This axis follows the shaft of the bone.
Longitudinal Axis
This axis goes from front to back of the body.
Sagittal Axis
The moving segments travel in a sagittal plane around a horizontal (coronal) axis.
Flexion and Extension
______________ occurs in frontal (coronal) plane around an axis lying in the sagittal plane.
Abduction and Adduction
____________ combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.
Circumduction
In circumduction, the extremity will travel in a cone-shaped path with the apex at the ________________ around which the movements originates.
Fulcrum at the joint
________________ occurs in multiaxial (ball and socket) joints, around a longitudinal axis.
Medial/Lateral rotation
This is when an object progresses in a straight line from one position to another with all of its parts moving in the same direction at the same velocity. This occurs in a particular plane.
Linear Motion
Defined as motion in which all parts of an object move along the arc of a circle around a center of rotation or axis. This also occurs in a plane, but also around an axis.
Angular Motion
AKA rotary or rotatory motion
____________ occurs at pivot joints (not ball and socket joints) in the proximal radioulnar joint.
Pronation and Supination
Where is the axis for pronation and supination located? (This center or axis also rotates around another axis in the center of the head of the ulna)
In the center or axis of the Head of the radius
_________ or downward rotation is refering to a movement where the inferior angle of the scapula moves medially.
**Adduction **
___________ involves upward rotation or inferior angle of the moves laterally.
Abduction
_________ of the scapula expands the rib cage. _________ of the scapula decreases the rib cage size.
Elevation
Depression
______________ of the shoulder occurs around a sagittal axis in the frontal plane.
Elevation and Depression
Protraction/retraction of the shoulder occurs around a _________ axis in a ________ plane.
Vertical
Horizontal
__________ occurs around the longitudinal axis of the humerus.
Rotation
_________ is the movement of the sole of the foot medially.
Inversion
AKA supination (not used very often)
_________ is the movement of the sole of the foot laterally.
Eversion
AKA pronation (used more often than eversion)
___________________ actually results from movements around as many as 12 axes.
Eversion and eversion of the foot
Eversion and inversion are the result of small gliding movements between the __________ and ______________ joints mainly accepted as subtalar joint movement.
Intertarsal
Tarsometatarsal
Extension and flexion of axial skeleton occurs in _______ plane and _______ axis.
Sagittal
Coronal
Lateral flexion of the axial skeleton occurs in _______ plane and _______ axis.
Coronal
Sagittal
Rotation of the axial skeleton occurs in ________ axis, and in standing straight, _________ axis.
Longitudinal
Vertical
