Chapter 9 joints

Question 1

Joint Classification

Answer 1

• joints are classified structurally based on their anatomical
  characteristics
• joints are classified functionally based on the kind of movement
  they permit

Question 2

Fibrous Joints

Answer 2

• do not have a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are held together with Fibrous connective tissue
• these allow little to no movement

Question 3

Sutures

Answer 3

a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue connects the
bones of the skull
- functionally, this kind of joint is called a synarthrosis, i.e.
an immovable joint (these joints tend to ossify with age to form a
synostosis)

Question 4

Syndesmoses:

Answer 4

a fibrous joint which has a greater distance between articulating
bones than sutures and more fibrous connective tissue
- ex. the sheen of connective tissue that connects the Tibia and
Fibula
- these joints are slightly moveable, i.e. amphiarthrosis

Question 5

Gomphosis:

Answer 5

• where a cone shaped peg fits into a socket
• ex. connecting the jaw to teeth
• synarthrosis

Question 6

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 6

• do not have a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are connected with cartilage
• these allow little to no movement

Question 7

Synchondroses is

Answer 7

• Joins by cartilage
• contains Hyaline Cartilage
• ex. the Epiphyseal plates closes

Question 8

Symphyses

Answer 8

-a broad, flat disk of fibrocartilage connects the bones
- ex. Intervertebral Disks and Symphysis Pubis
- are amphiarthroses

Question 9

Synovial Joints

Answer 9

a space called the Synovial Cavity lies between the articulating
bones
- these are considered to be freely moveable
- functionally, freely moveable joint is called a diarthrosis
- the bone ends of these joints are covered with Articular
(Hyaline) Cartilage
- other components of Synovial Joints:

Question 10

Articular Capsule

Answer 10

surrounds the synovial joint to form the Synovial Cavity
- two layers
a. outer layer is the Fibrous Capsule, often contains Ligaments
b. inner layer is the Synovial Membrane

Question 11

Synovial Fluid

Answer 11

secreted by the Synovial Membrane
- a viscous fluid that lubricates and nourishes joint surfaces

Question 12

Accessory Ligaments:

Answer 12

some joints contain ligaments inside or outside the joint cavity

Question 13

Meniscus = Articular disc is

Answer 13

a pad of fibrocartilage that lies between certain articulating
bones
- ex. knee joint

Question 14

Bursae:

Answer 14

tiny, fluid-filled, saclike structures around certain joints that
help reduce friction caused by movement
- Bursitis = inflammation of a bursa

Question 15

Tendon Sheaths:

Answer 15

• a tube like bursa that wraps around certain tendons
• these help reduce friction where tendons pass through synovial cavities

Question 16

Flexion

Answer 16

a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Question 17

Extension:

Answer 17

an increasesin the angle between articulating bones, or
to restore a body part to the Anatomical Position

Question 18

Hyperextension

Answer 18

a continuation of extension beyond the Anatomical Position

Question 19

Abduction

Answer 19

the movement of a bone away from the midline
- the midline for the hand is the middle finger
- the midline for the foot is the second toe

Question 20

Adduction

Answer 20

movement of a bone towards the midlin

Question 21

Circumduction

Answer 21

movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
- requires movement in more than one plane of motion

Question 22

Rotation

Answer 22

when a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

Question 23

Opposition

Answer 23

the movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which
the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers of the same hand

Question 24

Sprain

Answer 24

damage to a joint that tears ligaments, but does not dislocate bones can cause significant damage to surrounding tissues

Question 25

Dislocation

Answer 25

a displacement of a bone from a joint
- this results in the tearing of the articular capsule and adjacent
tissues

Question 26

Osteoarthritis (O.A.) = Degenerative Joint Disease (D.J.D.

Answer 26

a degenerative disorder of synovial joints where the articular
cartilage is gradually lost
- associated with the normal “wear and tear” on joints
- calcium deposits around the joint to create “spurs”

Question 27

Rheumatoid Arthritis (R.A.

Answer 27

an autoimmune disorder (the body attacks its own tissues)
- this disorder usually occurs bilaterally (vs. R.A.)
- often leads to joint fusion

Question 28

Gouty Arthritis (Gout)

Answer 28

a disorder associated with the build-up of Uric Acid (a waste
product of Nucleic Acid metabolism)
- as Uric Acid build up it forms crystals which are deposited in
soft tissues of joints, these crystals irritate and inflame joints
eroding away articulating surfaces _