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bio 241 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Spinal

A
  • extends from Foramen Magnum to the level of the disk between
    L1/L2 vertebrae
  • provides nervous pathways for nerve impulses between the
    Peripheral Nervous System and the Brain
  • provides simple integrative functions (reflexes)
  • 31 pair of spinal nerves come off of the cord to exit through the
    intervertebral foramen (8 pair of cervical, 12 pair of thoracic, 5
    pair of lumbar, 5 pair of sacral,1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves)
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2
Q

Protective Structures

A
  1. Vertebral Column
  2. Meninges:
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3
Q

Meninges

A

three connective tissue coverings that surround the Brain and
Spinal Cord

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4
Q

a. Dura Mater

A
  • outer most layer
  • anchors the meninges with in the spinal canal
  • Epidural Space = lies outside the Dura that is filled with
    fat and other connective tissues
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5
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • middle layer
  • Subdural Space = lies outside of the arachnoid mater,
    contains interstitial fluid (lymph)
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6
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • covers the surface of the Brain and Spinal Cord
  • Subarachnoid Space = lies outside of the Pia, contains
    Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Denticulate ligaments = thickened Pia Mater that project
    laterally to fuse with the Dura Mater, these act as a shock
    absorber
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7
Q

External Anatomy

A
  • roughly cylindrical
  • slightly flattened in the A-P dimension
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8
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

located between C4 and T1 vertebrae
- supplies nerves to the upper extremities

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9
Q

Lumbar Enlargement

A

located between T9 and T12 vertebrae
- supplies nerves to the lower extremities

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10
Q

Conus Medullaris

A
  • located between L1 and L2 vertebrae
  • the end of the spinal cord
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11
Q

Filum Terminale

A

a fibrous band of Pia that extends from the Conus Medullaris to
the Coccyx
- anchors the spinal cord

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12
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • contains the nerves that leave the spinal cord then run
    inferiorly to exit from lower Intervertebral foramen
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13
Q

Cross Sectional Anatomy

A

Outer region
- is mostly white matter (myelinated fibers) providing nerve
impulse transmission to and from the Brain
- contains Posterior, Lateral and Anterior Columns
- Anterior Median Fissure
- Posterior Median Sulcus

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14
Q

Inner region

A

contains gray matter (non-myelinated neurons)
Note: The outer portion of the Brain contains gray matter while
the white matter is deep
- provides integrative functions
- contains the Anterior and Posterior Horns
- Gray Commissure and Central Canal (filled with CSF)

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15
Q

Associated Spinal Cord Structures

A

Posterior (Dorsal) Root
- made up of sensory neurons
- enters into the Posterior Horns
- Dorsal Root Ganglion = contains the cell bodies of the sensory
neurons
Note: Ganglion = a group of neuron cell bodies located outside the
CNS

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16
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

combination of Dorsal and Ventral Roots (a mixed nerve) that come
together in the intervertebral foramen

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17
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Root

A
  • made up of motor neurons
  • exits from the Anterior Horns
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18
Q

Spinal Cord Physiology

A

Sensory and Motor Tracts
- located in the Columns of the spinal cord
- Tract = a bundle of nerve axons in the CNS (as opposed to a nerve
which is located outside the CNS

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19
Q

Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic Tracts

A

convey nerve impulses assoc. with pain, temperature change, deep
pressure, etc…

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20
Q

Posterior Columns

A

convey nerve impulses assoc. with proprioception (position
sense), discriminitive touch, two point discrimination, light
pressure, vibration

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21
Q

Reflexes

A
  1. Reflex = a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that
    occur in response to a particular stimulus
  2. Reflex Arc
    - the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
    - components:
22
Q

Sensory Receptor

A
  • a structure that responds to a specific stimulus
  • ex. touch
23
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • carries the nerve impulse to the spinal cord
24
Q

Integrating Center

A
  • located in the gray matter
    (1) Monosynaptic Reflex
  • simplest type
  • the sensory neuron synapses directly with the motor
    neuron
    (2) Polysynaptic Reflex
  • assoc. with two or more synapses
  • assoc. with Interneuron (a neuron located in the
    spinal cord) involvement
25
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex

A
  • simplest type
  • the sensory neuron synapses directly with the motor
    neuron
26
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex

A

assoc. with two or more synapses
- assoc. with Interneuron (a neuron located in the
spinal cord) involvement

27
Q

Motor Neuron

A
  • carries the nerve impulse away from the spinal cord
28
Q

Effector

A

the body part that responds to the nerve impulse
- ex. muscle

29
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

causes contraction of skeletal muscle in response to stretching
of the muscle

30
Q

Ipsilateral

A

the sensory impulse enters the spinal cord on the same side that
the motor impulse will leave (a monosynaptic reflex)
- ex. a stretch reflex

31
Q

Reciprocal Innervation

A

this prevents conflict between opposing muscles
- while the agonist contracts the antagonist is inhibited

32
Q

Tendon Reflex

A

leads to muscle relaxation when the stretch on tendons may lead
to damage

33
Q

Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex

A

assoc. with withdrawal from a negative (painful) stimulus

34
Q

Intersegmental Reflex Arc

A

the sensory impulse enters the spinal cord then ascends or
descends in the cord

35
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

assoc. with extension of joints on one side of the body while the
flexors are contracting in the contralateral muscle

36
Q

Contralateral Reflex Arc

A

nerve impulses enter the cord, cross over in the Gray Commissure,
then exit on the opposite side of the cord

37
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

a mixed nerve formed by a combination of the Ventral and Dorsal
Roots

38
Q

Connective Tissue Coverings

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium Epineurium

39
Q

Endoneurium

A
  • surrounds individual nerve fibers
40
Q

Perineurium

A

surrounds bundles of nerve fibers
- Fascicle = bundle of nerve fibers

41
Q

Epineurium

A
  • surrounds a group of fascicles = Nerve
  • this layer is continuous with the Dura Mater of the spinal cord
42
Q

Plexus

A
  • a network of nerves
  • ventral rami
43
Q

a. Cervical Plexus

A

(C1 - C5)
- the Phrenic Nerve (C3 - C5) which innervates the Diaphragm

44
Q

Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1)

A

supplies innervation to the shoulder and upper limb

45
Q

Lumbar Plexus (L1 - L4

A

supplies part of the abdominal walls, external genitalia,
and part of the proximal lower limb

46
Q

Sacral Plexus (L4 - S4)

A
  • supplies innervation to the lower limb
  • Sciatic Nerve (L4 - S3) = largest nerve in the body which
    is made up of two separate nerves (Tibial and Common Fibular)
    Note: Sciatica = inflammation of the Sciatic Nerve
47
Q

Intercostal Nerves

A
  • ventral rami
  • innervate the intercostal spaces
48
Q

Dermatomes

A

the area of the skin that provides sensory input through one pair
of spinal nerves or Cranial nerve 5

49
Q

Shingles

A
  • an infection caused by the Herpes Zoster virus
  • this virus also causes Chicken Pox
  • this virus remains dormant in the Dorsal Root Ganglion
  • can cause skin eruptions along the infected nerve
  • lesions are acutely painful
50
Q

Poliomyelitis = Polio

A
  • caused by the Poliovirus
  • causes fever, severe headaches and muscle aches, weakness
  • can cause paralysis
  • virus can destroy motor neuron cell bodyies in the Anterior Horn
  • death associated with Respiratory or Heart failure
  • the virus is often transmitted by fecal-oral contamination(and
    Yeah it’s just what you think! Well, maybe not the way you think.
51
Q

Neuritis

A
  • inflammation of one or more nerves
  • causes pain along the pathway of the involved nerves
  • ex. Sciatica = neuritis of the Sciatic nerve
52
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

“Lou Gehrig’s Disease”
- disease that effect nerve cell bodies in the Anterior Horn and
Brain (i.e. motor neurons)
- leads to progressive muscle degeneration
- person often retains most of their sensory stimulus
- often begins in mid-life
- a chronic, progressive disease
_

bio 241 (7 decks)

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