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bio 241 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

bones or osseous tissue

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

BONE/OSSEUS TISSUE
WHAT IS IT, HOW IS IT MADE

A

connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by calciumphosphate and other minerals

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2
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft of a bone (also called the Body)

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3
Q

Epiphysis

A

the end(s) of a bone

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4
Q

Articular (Hyaline) cartilage

A

covers the ends of moveable bones

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous membrane that covers the outer portion of a
bone, tendons attach here, highly innervated

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6
Q

Medullary (Marrow) cavity

A

space inside bone that contains marrow

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7
Q

Endosteum

A

the lining of the medullary cavity

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8
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

area that contains hyaline cartilage in growing
bone, area that causes bone to elongate, becomes ossified (bone) in adults

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9
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

a stem cell that differentiates to become an
Osteoblast

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10
Q

Osteoblast

A

cells that lay down collagen fibers and matrix
to form bone

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11
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature osteoblast, bone cells, sense the various stressors on bone

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12
Q

Osteoclast

A

bone dissolving cells

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13
Q

Matrix

A
  • mostly Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate salt, and some calcium
    carbonate
  • organic portion is mostly collagen
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14
Q

Compact bone

A
  • densely packed bone, usually located in the outer diaphysis
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15
Q

Osteon = Haversian System is the

A
  • the basic structural unit of compact bone
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16
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A

located at the center of the Osteon, contains vessels and
nerves

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17
Q

Concentric lamellae

A
  • concentric layers of matrix that surround the Central canal
18
Q

Lacuna

A

the space that houses a osteocyte

19
Q

Canaliculi

A
  • “tiny canals” that connect lacuna
20
Q

Perforating (Volkmann) canal

A

channels that contain vessels and nerves, connect adjacent osteons and osteons to the outer surface of bone

21
Q

Spongy bone

A

loosely packed bone, usually found inside of the epiphysis
a. Trabeculae
- thin plates of calcified tissue that provide a lattice
appearance to spongy bone

22
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

hemopoietic tissue (produces formed elements of the blood,
ex. RBC, WBC, Platelets

23
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Adipose tissue, not hematopoietic

24
Q

Bone Developmentis is called

A

Ossification or Osteogenesis = formation of bone
- Two methods:

25
Q

Intramembranous ossification produces

A

produces flat bones, ex. skull, clavicle
- bone develops from membranes

26
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

produces most bones
- hyaline cartilage matrix is laid down initially, then
ossification occurs replacing this cartilage

27
Q

Remodeling

A

The change of the size and shape of bones to accommodate the changing forces applied to the skeleton.

28
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Adding matrix. When this occurs in the hyaline
cartilage of the epiphyseal plate, the bone grows in length.

29
Q

Appositional growth

A

Deposition onto the surface of bone. Increases the
diameter of a bone.

30
Q

Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis.

A

Normal range of blood calcium = 9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL

31
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

low blood calcium, muscle is unable to relax, tetany

32
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

high blood calcium, nerves and muscles are slow
torespond; weakness, sluggish reflexes, poss. cardiacarrest

33
Q

Calcitriol

A

a form of vitamin D, is stimulated by absorption of UV light
- this hormone raises blood calcium by:
a. Increasing absorption in the Small Intestine.
b. Stimulates calcium removal from bones (Osteoclast).
c. Causing the Kidney to retain calcium in the blood.

34
Q

Calcitonin

A

released by the Thyroid gland
- this hormone lowers calcium level in the blood by:
a. Inhibiting Osteoclast.
b. Stimulate Osteoblast (places calcium into bone)

35
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

this hormone raises the blood calcium level by:
a. Stimulating Osteoclast.
b. Causing the Kidneys to retain calcium in the blood.
c. Stimulates the production of Calcitriol.
d. Decreases Osteoblast activity.

36
Q

Fracture

A

Any disruption in the continuity of a bone.
- During normal fracture repair, the bone forms a hard
callus that is often stronger than the original bone.

37
Q

Steps associated with fracture repair, step 1

A

Hematoma forms around fracture site

38
Q

Steps associated with fracture repair, step 2

A

Granulation tissue forms
- hematoma becomes infiltrated with capillaries, fibroblasts,
macrophages, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells

39
Q

Steps associated with fracture repair, step 3

A

Callus formation
- fibroblasts lay down collagen, “soft callus” is formed
which is made up of fibrocartilage

40
Q

Steps associated with fracture repair, step 4

A

Remodeling
- bone tissue is laid down replacing cartilage, this forms
the bony (hard) callus
- initially spongy bone is laid down, the outer portion of
the bone is converted (remodeled) into compact(cortical) bone

41
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass, making them more susceptible to
fracture. Associated with aging.
_

bio 241 (7 decks)

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