Chapter 9: Joints Flashcards
describe the structural and functional classifications of joints.
Structure – Based on presence or absence of synovial cavity and type of connective tissue Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous Joints, Synovial Joints
Function – Degree of movement they permit Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), Diarthrosis (freely movable)
describe the structure and functions of the three types of fibrous joints.
Fibrous - dense irregular tissue
1) Suture - SKULL
Structure – Composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, giving added strength Function – Immovable or slightly moveable (synarthrosis)
2) Syndesmoses -
Structure – Greater distance between articulating surfaces more dense irregular connective tissue, Arranged as a bundle such as roots of teeth in the sockets in the mandible and maxilla and the distal tibiofibular joint
Function – Limited movement
3) Interosseous Membranes
Structure – Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue, binds neighboring long bones
found between the radius and ulna in the forearm and the tibia and fibula in the le
Function – Slight movement
describe the structure and functions of the three types of cartilaginous joints.
Held together by cartilage
These joints include (1) immovable synchondroses united by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plates between diaphyses and epiphyses) and slightly movable (2) symphyses united by fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)
describe the structure of synovial joints.
Synovial joints contain a space between bones called the synovial cavity. All synovial joints are diarthroses.
Other characteristics of synovial joints are the presence of articular cartilage and an articular capsule, made up of a fibrous membrane and a synovial membrane
Structure – Cavity between articulating bones, covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage, covers articulating surface of bones with a smooth slippery surface does not bind them together, reduces friction between bones in the joint, absorbs shockFunction – Considerable movement
describe the structure and function of bursae and tendon sheaths.
Structure – Bursae: Sac like structures similar to joint capsules,
Function – Bursae: Alleviate friction (shoulder and knee)
Tendon Sheaths: Tube like bursae that wrap around tendons where there is incredible friction
describe the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints.
1) Gliding Movement
Flat surface of bones moves back and forth and side to side
2) Angular Movements
Change in the angle between bones occur: Flexion and extension, Lateral flexion, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction
3) Circumduction
Circle movement involving a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation
4) Rotation
Moving around its own longitudinal axis
5) Special Movements
Elevation and depression, Protraction/retraction, Inversion/eversion, Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion, Supination/Pronation, Opposition
describe the six subtypes of synovial joints
Plane Joint
Articulating surfaces are flat, bones glide back and forth and side to side (carpals and tarsals)
Hinge Joint
Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another and the motion is angular around one axis (elbow, knee, and ankle)
Pivot Joint
Round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament and movement is rotational (Atlandto-axial and radioulnar)
Condyloid Joint
Oval projection of one bone fits into an oval cavity of another and motion is angular (wrist, metacarpophalangeal 2-5 digits)
Saddle Joint
Articular surface of one joint is shaped like a saddle and the other bone fits into the saddle like a sitting rider (carpometacarpal between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb)
Ball and Socket Joint
Ball shaped surface of one bone fits into the cuplike depression of another (Shoulder and hip Joints)
identify the major joints of the body by location, classification, and movements.
Atlanto-occipital - b/w superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condules of occipital bone. SYNOVIAL, DIATHROSIS, Flexion and extension of head
Atlanto-axial - b/w dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas, b/w lateral masses of atlas and axis, Synovial (PIVOT), diathrosis, Rotation of head
Lumbosacral - n/w 5th lumbar of bertbra and base of sacrum, Cartaligionios, and synovial Amphiathrosis and Articular Flexion, extions, lateral flecion, and rotation of vertebral column
Sternoclavivular - b/w sternal end of clavical manubrium of stermum and first costal cartilage SNOVIAL plane/pivor, diathroses, Gliding
Radioulnar - proxi,a; radioulnar joint SYNOVIAL pivot, diathroses, rotation of forearm
Public Symphysis - b.w anterior surfaces of hip bones, cartiliginous (symphyses), ampthiarthosis, slgiht movement (more during preg)
describe the anatomical components of the temporomandibular joint and explain the movements that can occur at this joint.
Only free movable joint in skill
Only mandible moves
describe the anatomical components of the shoulder joint and the movements that can occur at this joint.
Ball and socket
bursae
describe the anatomical components of the hip joint and the movements that can occur at this joint.
describe the main anatomical components of the knee joint and explain the movements that can occur at this joint.
Articular Capsule – United the bones of the knee joint
Medial and lateral patellar retinacula – Fused tendons of insertion
Patellar ligament – Continuation of common tendons of insertion
Oblique popliteal ligament – Broad flat ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament – Strengthens lower lateral part of the posterior surface of joint
Tibial Collateral ligament – Firmly attached to medial meniscus Fibular collateral ligament – Strong rounded ligament , strengthens lateral aspect of jointIntracapsular
Ligaments – Cross their way to their destination on the femur Anterior Cruciate Ligament ACL – Limits hyperextension and prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
Posterior Cruciate Ligament PCL – Prevents posterior sliding of the tibia when the knee is flexed (important when walking down stairs or a steep incline)Articular discs (menisci) – Medial and lateral meniscus connected together by transverse ligament of the knee and to margins of the head of the tibia by the coronary ligaments
Bursae of the Knee – Prepatellar bursa, infrapatellar bursa and suprapatellar bursa
