Chapter 1 : The Human Body Flashcards
define anatomy and physiology
Anatomy - study of body structures and their relationships
Physiology - study of body function and how the structure effects function
Major organ systems in human body (function)
1) Integumentary System
Components include skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweatglands, oil glands. - Functions include protect body, regulate body temp., eliminate some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat/provides insulation
2) Skeletal System
Components include bones, joints, cartilages- Functions include support and protection of body, surface area for muscle attachment, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, sotres minerals and fats
3) Muscular System
Components include skeletal muscle tissue (muscle usually attached to bones)- Functions include participating in body movement like walking, maintaining posture, producing heat
4) Nervous System
Components include brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears- Functions include generates action potentials to regulate body activities, detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretion
5) Endocrine
include pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes- Functions include regulating body activities by releasing hormones
6) Cardiovascular
omponents include blood, heart, blood vessels- Functions include heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood caries oxygen and nutrients to cells; helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease, repair -damage blood vessels
7) Lymphatic
Components include lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, B cells, T cells)- Functions include returning proteins and fluid to blood; carrying lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells that protect from disease-causing microbes
8) Respiratory
Components include lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
- Functions include transferring oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal chords produces sound
9) Urinary
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra- Functions: produces, stores, eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintian the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of redblood cells
10) Digestive
include organs of the gastrointestinal tract ( mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, anus); organs of digestive processes (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)- Functions include physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
11) Reproductive
Components: Gonads (testes and ovaries) *PART OF ENDOCRINE and associated organs (fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands in females; epididymis, ductus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis)- Functions: gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
describe the body’s six levels of structural organization
1) Chemical (letters) - atoms smallest unit of matter that participates in chem rxns
2) Cellular (words) - basic units of org composed of chemicals
3) Tissue (sentences) - groups of cells that work toward part. function
4) Organ (paragraphs) - structures w/multiple tissues that have a function and a recognizable shape
5) System (chapter) - organ systems - related organs w/ common function
6) Organism (book) all the parts of the human body functioning together
define homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively stable parameters within a small range in the body’s internal environment - a dynamic and responsive process.
MOST MAINTAINED BY NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE
describe the components of a feedback system
(Stimulus - disrupts controlled condition)
Receptor - monitors any stimulus that disrupts homeostasis (monitors a controlled condition) *afferent toward CC (NERVE IMPULSES [Action Potentials]/HORMONES)
Control Center - receives input from receptor and sends output (*efferent away from CC) to effectors (nerve impulses/hormones) (often brain)
Effector - body structure that receives output brings about a change (a response)
(Response alters controlled condition)
Describe a negative Feedback Loop
Reverses a change in controlled condition. MOST IN BODY.
ex
Blood pressure regulation
Describe a positive Feedback Loop
Strengthens a change in one of body’s controlled conditions.
Ex, Childbirth, Losing Blood (lots), Breastfeeding
• define the 6 life processes of the human body.
1) Metabolism: the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Consists of two phases: catabolism (the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components) and anabolism (the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components)
2. Responsiveness: the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes; different cells in the body respond to environmental changes in characteristic ways. Nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals known as nerve impulses (action potentials). Muscles cells respond by contracting, which generates force to move body parts.
3. Movement: includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
4. Growth: an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
5. Differentiation: the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Such precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as stem cells
6. Reproduction: refers to either 1. The formation of new cells for tissues growth, repair or replacement, or 2. The production of a new individual
• explain the importance of homeostasis and describe the relationship of homeostatic imbalances to disorders.
Homeostasis (Homo = same; stasis = still). - The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes- A dynamic condition; in response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shiftamong points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life - Each structure, from the cellular level to the system level, contributes in some way to keeping the internal environment of the body within normal limits Homeostasis and bodily fluids- Important aspect is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids- The fluid within cells is intracellular fluid, abbreviated ICF- The fluid outside body cells is extracellular fluid
- ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues is interstitial fluid; ofte ncalled the bodys internal environment- ECF differes depending where it occurs in the body Control of Homeostasis- Continually being disturbed- Some disruptions come from the external environment in the form of phyiscal insults such as intense heat, lack of oxygen- Some originate from internal environment such as blood-glucose levels that fall too low - Homeostatic imbalances may also occur due to psychological stresses in our social environment - In most cases imbalance is mild and temporary and response of body cells quickly restore balance in internal environment- In some cases imbalance is intense and prolonged (poisoning, overexposure to temperature extremes, major surgery- , the body has many regulating systems that can usually bring the internal environment back into balance. Most often, the nervous system and the endocrine system, working to- gether or independently, provide the needed corrective measures. The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses (action potentials) to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state
• describe the anatomical position.
In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.
A. anatomical position: Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference. the sub- ject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward-prone position: the body is lying facedown-supine position: the body is lying faceupB. regional names- The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lowerlimbsHead: skull and faceNeck: supports the head and attaches it to the trunk Trunk: chest, abdomen, pelvisUpper limb: attaches to trunk; consists of shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, handLower limb: also attaches to trunk; consists of buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot, groin
• relate the anatomical names and their corresponding common names for various regions of the human body.
directional terms: words that describe the position of one body part relative to another. Several directional terms are grouped in pairs that have opposite meanings, such as anterior (front) and posterior (back).
I. Superior: toward the head, or the upper part of a structure II. inferior: away from the head, or the lower part of a structure III. anterior: nearer to or at the front of the body
IV. Posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
V. Medial: nearer to or at the midline
VI. Lateral: farther from the middle
VII. Intermediate: between two structures
VIII. Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body as another structure
IX. Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body from another structure
X. proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
XI. Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the orgininzationof a structure
XII. Superficial (external): Toward or on the surface of the body
XIII. Deep (internal): away from the surface of the body
IV. Posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
B. Planes: imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
C. sagittal plane: a vertical plane that di- vides the body or an organ into right and left sides.- midsagittal plane (median plane): when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides-
Midline: an imagi- nary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and rightsides.-
parasagittal plane: If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
D. frontal or coronal plane: divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior(back) portions.E. transverse plane (cross-sectional, horizontal): divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
F. oblique plane: , passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle)G. section (midsagittal, frontal, transverse): a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described. It is important to know the plane of the section soyou can understand the anatomical relationship of one part to another.
• outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated linings.
body cavities: spaces that enclose internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another
B. cranial cavity: a hollow space of the head; contains the brain
C. vertebral (spinal) canal: The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form this; it contains the spinal cord. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another.
I) Meninges: Three layers of protective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord
D. thoracic cavity: formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone),and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
I) pericardial cavity: a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart and two fluid filledspaces (pleural cavity) in the thoracic cavity
II) pleural cavity: two fluid filled spaces around each lung
III) mediastinum: The central part of the thoracic cavity; between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves. Among the structures in the mediastinum are the heart, esophagus, tra- chea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart
IV) diaphragm: dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
E. abdominopelvic cavity: extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis. As the name suggests, the abdominopelvic cavity is di- vided into two portions, even though no wall separates them.
I) abdominal cavity: The superior portion; , contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
II) pelvic cavity: The inferior portion; con- tains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and inter- nal organs of the reproductive system.
III) viscera: Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
