Chapter 9- IQ and Thinking Flashcards
Briefly describe Galton’s theory of IQ
Galton theorized that intelligence was a byproduct of sensory capacity
What do most experts agree about the construct of
intelligence? (hint: 4 abilities)
readiness, resources, responses, and results
Briefly describe Spearman’s theory of intelligence (make sure to discuss “g” and “s”)
idea that there are two types of intelligence:
general intelligence “g”
specific intelligences “s”
Describe Cattell and Horn’s theory of IQ.
“intelligence” is a mix of two capacities
fluid intelligence- capacity to learn new ways
crystallized intelligence- accumulated knowledge of the world we gain over time
List and briefly describe Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (8)
Intra- Personal
Naturalistic
Spatial
Musical
Inter-personal
Logical Reasoning
Kinesthetic
Linguistic
What are two criticism of Gardner’s theory?
Lacks sufficient scientific evidence and rigorous testing
includes abilities that may not align with traditional notions of intelligence
List and briefly describe the 3 elements of the triarchic model of intelligence.
Who is the originator of this model?
Made by Sternberg.
Analytical- book smart (school and memorizing)
Practical- street smart (political and social)
Creative- creativity (problem solving and analyzing)
What has been found about brain size and intelligence in humans? What does this correlation mean?
Brain volume correlates positively with measured intelligence (between 0.3 and 0.4)
more evident for some abilities (language)
there is some level of truth to this (moderate correlation)
What has been found about reaction time and IQ?
The quicker you can answer, the higher IQ score you receive.
What has been found about memory and IQ?
Individuals with high IQ have stronger memory capabilities.
What cortex of the brain has been most strongly associated with “g”?
Prefrontal Cortex- reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
What does double curse of incompetence refer to?
People with poor cognitive ability tend to overestimate their own cognitive ability and have inflated confidence
How was IQ initially calculated? What is the formula? What is the critical flaw in this approach?
What statistic do modern IQ test rely on?
The original I Q measure compared a person’s chronological age to their mental age.
Mental Age
——————
Chronological Age x 100= IQ
This approach works for children, but not adults
Modern I Q tests get around this problem by using deviation IQ.
Know how to calculate IQ using Mental Age.
Know how to look up a deviation IQ using
a raw score and chronological age.
Mental Age
——————Chronological Age x 100= IQ
To look up a deviation IQ using a raw score and chronological age.
What were two disturbing practices associated with the eugenics movement in North America?
improve a population’s genetic stock by…
encouraging those with good genes to reproduce
discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing, or both
How does the stability of IQ change across infancy and childhood?
Infancy: IQ scores in infancy are less stable and can fluctuate significantly due to rapid developmental changes.
Early Childhood: Stability begins to improve, but scores can still vary widely due to environmental influences and learning experiences.
Middle Childhood and Beyond: By around age 6 or 7, IQ scores become more stable and consistent, reflecting more reliable measures of cognitive ability as children develop.
How do psychologist define intellectual disability? (3 criteria).
Intellectual Functioning
Adaptive Functioning
Onset During Developmental Period
mild, moderate, severe, and profound
What three types of methods have been used to study the impact of genetics versus environment on IQ?
Twin Studies: Comparing the IQ scores of identical twins (who share 100% of their genes) with those of fraternal twins (who share about 50% of their genes) to assess the relative contributions of genetics and environment.
Adoption Studies: Examining the IQ of adopted children and comparing it to their biological and adoptive parents to determine the influence of genetic versus environmental factors.
Family Studies: Analyzing IQ scores across different family members to assess how closely related individuals’ IQs are, which helps in understanding the role of shared genetics and environments.
What 3 lines of evidence suggest that schooling exerts a causal influence on IQ?
IQ scores typically increase during school years and tend to plateau during summer breaks, indicating that formal education enhances cognitive skills.
individuals with more years of schooling generally have higher IQ scores
Programs designed to enhance educational experiences have been shown to improve IQ scores.
Describe how poverty may effect IQ
Lack of proper nutrition and safe environment.
Higher lead levels.
Describe 4 possible explanations for the Flynn effect.
Most likely the result of environmental changes.
Increased test sophistication
Increased complexity of modern world
Better nutrition
Changes at home and school
What has been found about sex differences in IQ?
males are more variable in their scores, prominent in tail ends.
More women with average scores.
Not strong correlation.
Female- verbal and social tasks
Male- spatial and abstract thinking
Intelligence Test
standardized assessment designed to measure an individual’s cognitive abilities.
g (general intelligence)
(g) accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
Stanford- Binet IQ Test
First IQ Test
Focused on higher mental processes – reasoning, understanding, judgment
Most now agree that intelligence is related to the capacity to understand theoretical concepts (abstract thinking)
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
is a score derived from standardized tests designed to measure human intelligence.
s (specific ability)
s (unique to the task)
fluid intelligence
Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge of the world we gain over time
multiple intelligences
Several theorists argue that there are entirely different domains of intellectual skill
Triarchic Model
Sternberg theorized three largely distinct types of intelligence: analytic, practical and creative
Intellectual Disability
Characterized by childhood onset of low IQ (below about 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning.
Within- Group Heritability
proportion of variance in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals within a specific group.
Mental Age
age corresponding to the average individual’s performance on an intelligence test
Deviation IQ
is a modern way of scoring intelligence tests, where a person’s score is compared to the average score of a specific age group.
Eugenics
improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing, or both
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Uses 15 subtests to generate these 5 categories
Overall IQ
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual reasoning
Working memory
Processing speed
Culturally- Fair IQ Test
Consist of abstract-reasoning items that don’t depend on language
Flynn Effect
The average IQ of the population has been rising by about 3 points every 10 years
Between- Group Heritability
differnence in a trait due to genetic differences between distinct groups, such as populations or ethnicities.
how much of the variation in a characteristic is due to genetic factors when comparing different groups that may have different environmental conditions, cultural backgrounds, or other influences.
