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Intro to Psychology II > Chapter 2- Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

List and describe 4 major kinds of research done in psychology and the advantages/ disadvantages of each.

A

Experimental Designs- high internal validity, low external.

Case Study- provide existence proofs, study rare, offer insights
Are typically personal
can’t infer causation

Naturalistic Observation- high in external validity. low in internal.

Correlational Designs- predict behavior. can’t infer causation

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2
Q

What are the two types of experimental validity?

A

External and Internal

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3
Q

What type of design will we use if we want to increase external validity? What type would we use if we want to use internal validity?

A

Internal- experimental

External- naturalistic

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4
Q

How would you ensure that the survey you conducted would be generalizable?

A

random samples, random assignment, controlled environment.

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5
Q

What are two ways of evaluating measures?

A

Reliability: This assesses the consistency of a measure over time or across different contexts, ensuring that it produces stable and repeatable results.

Validity: whether a measure accurately captures the concept it is intended to assess.

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6
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of self-report measures?

A

Dis- Phrasing
Accuracy is skewed
Potential dishonesty
Response sets

Adv- insider information into human thought and perspective.

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7
Q

Describe two basic facts about correlations.

A

Direction: Correlations can be positive (both variables increase together) or negative (one variable increases as the other decreases).

Strength: The strength of a correlation is measured on a scale from -1 to +1, with values closer to -1 or +1 indicating a stronger relationship, while values near 0 suggest little to no correlation.

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8
Q

What makes a study an experiment? ( 2 things)

A

Manipulation of Variables

Control of Conditions

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9
Q

How does a confound impact your conclusions in a study?

A

incorrect conclusions by introducing alternative explanations for the observed effects

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10
Q

What conclusions can you reach from the results of an experiment in comparison to a correlational study?

A

Experiment- draw causal conclusions about the relationship between variables

Correlation- only identify associations without knowing why

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11
Q

When conducting a study on human participants, what two things should researchers do?

A

Obtain Informed Consent

Ensure Confidentiality

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12
Q

Make sure you know the two main types of statistics in psychology:

A

Descriptive and Inferential

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13
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

Used to treat schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders

Severed the fibers connecting the frontal lobe and thalamus

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14
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb

Heuristics reduce the cognitive energy required to solve problems

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15
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Watching behavior in real-world settings

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16
Q

External Validity

A

extent to which research findings can be generalized to, and have relevance for, settings, populations

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17
Q

Internal Validity

A

accurately establishes a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables,

ensuring that the observed effects are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not influenced by other factors

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18
Q

Case Study

A

Studying one or a small number of people for an extended period

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19
Q

Existence Proof

A

demonstration that a psychological phenomenon can occur

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20
Q

Random Selection

A

Every person in the general population has an approximately equal chance of being chosen to participate in the research sample

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21
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

22
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

23
Q

Response Set

A

pattern of answering questions in a survey or assessment that reflects a tendency to respond in a particular way

24
Q

Correlation Design

A

Examine the strength of linear association between two variables

25
Q

Scatterplot

A

graphical representation that displays the relationship between two variables using dots to represent data points

26
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

perception of a relationship between two variables when no such relationship exists, often based on cognitive biases or stereotypes.

27
Q

Experiment

A

controlled study designed to test a hypothesis by manipulating one or more variables

28
Q

Random Assignment

A

randomly allocating participants to different groups in a study to ensure each group is similar and to reduce bias.

29
Q

Experimental Group

A

receives manipulation

30
Q

Control Group

A

does not receive manipulation

31
Q

Between- Subjects Design

A

2+ non-overlapping groups given different treatments

(e.g. measuring depression in Drug and Placebo groups)

32
Q

Within- Subject Design

A

A single group given 2+ treatments (e.g. measuring mood before and after music)

Each subject acts as their own control

33
Q

Independent Variable

A

manipulated by the experimenter

34
Q

Dependent Variable

A

measured by the experimenter

35
Q

Operational Definition

A

how a variable is measured or defined in a study.

36
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Improvement because you expect improvement

37
Q

Blind

A

Participant unaware of the treatment they receive

38
Q

Double-Blind

A

Experimenter unaware of treatment

39
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A

Researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome

40
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues that participants pick up allowing them to guess the researcher’s hypothesis

41
Q

Informed Consent

A

Participants must know what is involved in the study prior to participation

42
Q

Statistics

A

collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to inform decision-making.

43
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

numerical characteristics of the nature of the data

44
Q

Central Tendency

A

Where the group tends to cluster, three main measures: mean, median and mode

45
Q

Mean

A

Average value, sensitive to outliers.

46
Q

Median

A

Middle value, robust against outliers.

47
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent value.

48
Q

Range

A

difference between the highest and lowest scores

49
Q

Variability

A

How loosely or closely scores are clustered
Includes range and standard deviation

50
Q

Standard Deviation

A

how far each data point is from the mean

51
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

using sample data to make generalizations or predictions about a population

52
Q

Confound

A

extraneous variable that is not controlled in a study and can influence both the independent and dependent variables

Intro to Psychology II (4 decks)

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