Chapter 9: Human Development

Question 1

what are the three stages of development in womb?

Answer 1

zygote, embryo, fetus

Question 2

what are some negative experiences that can have lasting effects?

Answer 2

malnourishment, stress, teratogens, no stimulation

Question 3

what is synaptic pruning?

Answer 3

brain keeps the info it needs and stores what it doesn’t

Question 4

what are the 3 reflexes at birth?

Answer 4

grasping, rooting, & sucking

Question 5

describe the dynamic systems theory

Answer 5

new behaviors emerge based on environment

Question 6

what is the only sense that isn’t fully developed at birth?

Answer 6

sight

Question 7

describe habituation

Answer 7

info based on how long children show interest

Question 8

what are the 3 attachment styles?

Answer 8

secure, insecure/avoidant, insecure ambivalent

Question 9

secure attachment style

Answer 9

calm when x leaves, calm when x returns

Question 10

insecure avoidant attachment style

Answer 10

neutral when x leaves, ignores when x arrives

Question 11

insecure ambivalent attachment style

Answer 11

upset when x leaves, seek reject consolidation when x returns

Question 12

assimilation vs accommodation

Answer 12

assimilation: new info into existing “folder”
accommodation: new info creates new “folder”

Question 13

Piaget’s 4 stages of cog. development

Answer 13

1- sensorimotor (birth-2): info gained through senses, object permanence, act with intention
2- preoperational (2-7): symbols, reason based on intuition not logic, egocentric
3- concrete operational (7-12): logic & classification
4- formal operational (12+): abstract thought, test hypothesis

Question 14

describe theory of mind

Answer 14

understanding others have mental states that determine behavior (pre-op)

Question 15

pro-social behavior

Answer 15

seeking to comfort upset

Question 16

2 types of morality

Answer 16

moral reasoning (cognitive) & moral emotion (social/society)

Question 17

3 stages of moral reasoning

Answer 17

1- preconventional: self interest
2- conventional: rules, laws, approval
3- postconventional: personal values

Question 18

what are reference groups & why do we join

Answer 18

peers we use to compare ourselves to and guide our behavior
we join because of similarity, easy to access, intimacy

Question 19

3 types of reference groups

Answer 19

aspirational- admire, desire to be liked by
associative- belong to, peer pressure
dissociative- disapprove of

Question 20

3 main changes to cognition in adulthood

Answer 20

divided attention deficit
recall more difficult than recognition
IQ decline in 60’s/70’s

Question 21

infantile amnesia

Answer 21

inability to recall events from early childhood

Question 22

gender identity vs gender role

Answer 22

identity- sense of being male, female, non-binary
role- behavior associated with being male/female (tough or weak)