Chapter 12: Social Psychology Flashcards
Social identity theory
ingroups are people who see themselves in the same social category which causes pride in membership
group polarization
group attitudes become more extreme over time
groupthink
group makes a bad decision to preserve the group when under pressure, threats, or biased
social facilitation
presence of others enhances performance
social loafing
presence of others impairs performance
deindividuation
people not self aware/ not paying attention to personal standards (usually when aroused, anonymous, and under diffused responsibility) MOB BEHAVIOR
normative vs informational influence
normative- to fit in with group
informational- to behave how one should respond (varied among cultures)
situational, biological, and social causes of aggression
situational- observational learning/ exposure to violence, social rejection, heat
biological- testosterone, serotonin, MAOA gene (regulates neurotransmitters)
social- culture of honor (dominance & protection)
Sherif’s Study
boys put into groups and put against each other & became hostile. Then put together to achieve a common goal and hostility decreased as cooperation increased
altruism
providing help when needed without a reward
inclusive fitness
adaptive benefit of transmitting genes (kin selection) instead of individual survival
4 factors of bystander intervention
diffused responsibility, social blunders, anonymity, and cost-benefit
mere exposure affect
increased exposure = increased chance of positive attitude
post-decisional dissonance
focus on chosen ideas positives and rejected idea’s negatives
elaboration likelihood model
persuasive messages lead to attitude changes through central or peripheral route
3 forms of inducing compliance
foot in the door- agreeing to small request increases chance of agreeing to large request
door in the face- refusing large request increases chance of agreeing to smaller request
low-balling- agreeing on a certain set quantity increases chances of paying more
thin slices of behavior
accurate judgements can be made after only seconds of observation (nonverbal behavior)
attributions
explanations for why events or actions occur (other’s behavior)
personal/ dispositional attributes vs situational attributes
explanations of behavior based on characteristics, traits, moods, abilities
vs
explanations of behavior based on external events, luck, accidents, weather, etc
fundamental attribution error
when explaining behavior, personal attributes are overestimated and situational attributes are underestimated
actor/ observer discrepency
use situational attributes to describe one’s own behavior and personal attributes to explain others behavior
interpreting behavior west vs east
no cultural difference in emphasizing personal factors, but differences in emphasizing situational factors
shooter bias effect results
non gun trials- people more likely to press shoot on a black person
gun trials- people more likely to press don’t shoot on a white person
reducing prejudice effects
sharing goals
stereotype training
bilingual instruction in schools
stereotype threat & prevention
concern of conforming negative stereotypes related to one’s group which impairs their performance
(social connections, self affirmation, informing, reframing, and self-labeling)
4 threats to a relationship
overly-critical, lacking respect, being defensive, mentally withdrawing
attributional style
how one partner explains the other’s behavior
accommodation
overlooking bad behavior or responding constructively (partner enhancing attributions vs distress maintaining)
