Chapter 10: Emotion & Motivation

Question 1

Describe emotion

Answer 1

response to events & internal thoughts

Question 2

primary emotions

Answer 2

universal (anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness)

Question 3

secondary emotions

Answer 3

blend of primary emotions (shame, guilt, love, jealousy)

Question 4

valence vs arousal

Answer 4

valence is how positive or negative emotions are (+ or -)
arousal is physiological activation (low or high)

Question 5

2 structures & their functions in the limbic system

Answer 5

insula- aware of state (hungry, sense heartbeat)
amygdala- process emotional reactions to stimuli

Question 6

3 theories of emotion

Answer 6

james-lange theory
cannon bard theory
schachter singer two factor theory

Question 7

describe the james-lange theory of emotion

Answer 7

stimulus = arousal = emotion
(bodies first)

Question 8

describe the cannon bard theory of emotion

Answer 8

stimulus = arousal+emotion simultaneously

Question 9

describe the schachter singer two factor theory of emotion

Answer 9

stimulus = arousal = interpretation/ labeling = emotion

Question 10

charles darwin’s thoughts on facial expression

Answer 10

face communicates emotion to others, understood by all

Question 11

paul ekman’s thoughts on facial expression

Answer 11

learned socially & culturally varied

Question 12

what is motivation

Answer 12

energizes, guides, evaluates, and maintains behavior toward a goal

Question 13

4 qualities of motivation

Answer 13

energize- activate a behavior
directive- guide behavior
persist- continue behavior until goal reached
strength- differ based on internal/ external factors

Question 14

5 levels (from most to least important) on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 14

1. physiological
2. safety
3. belonging/ love
4. esteem
5. self actualization

Question 15

what is extrinsic motivation

Answer 15

perform an activity for an external goal (working for money)

Question 16

what is intrinsic motivation

Answer 16

perform an activity for pleasure over purpose (hobby)

Question 17

what is cognitive dissonance

Answer 17

internal conflict of conflicting beliefs

Question 18

fast path of info processing

Answer 18

sensory info to thalamus to amygdala for response

Question 19

slow path of info processing

Answer 19

sensory info to thalamus to visual/auditory cortex to amygdala for response

Question 20

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 20

Tomkins thought by making the face of the associated expression you could activate an emotion (smiling then makes you happy)

Question 21

2 main ways not to control emotions

Answer 21

Suppression- usually causes rebound effect where people think more about what they want to suppress
Rumination- thinking & elaborating, distracting or trying to solve

Question 22

5 main ways to control emotions

Answer 22

reappraisal- changing meaning of events
mental distance- distancing yourself from the emotion (“fly on the wall”
humor
refocus- breathing & mindfulness
distraction- can create maladaptive behaviors

Question 23

what are display rules

Answer 23

rules from socialization that dictate what emotions are suitable for specific situations

Question 24

ideal affect

Answer 24

emotional state that people want/ culturally value

Question 25

drive

Answer 25

psychological state that creates arousal to satisfy a need

Question 26

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 26

performance on tasks increases with arousal up to a certain point, then performance becomes impaired with any additional arousal (level of optimal arousal is different for everyone)

Question 27

incentives

Answer 27

goals that motivate behavior instead of drives

Question 28

SMART goals

Answer 28

specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time bound

Question 29

self efficacy

Answer 29

belief that efforts toward goal lead to success (training for a marathon will help you perform better in one)

Question 30

self-regulation, hot & cold cognition

Answer 30

process where behavior is directed towards attaining a goal
hot- desired, pleasurable aspects
cold- symbolic meanings
(similar to cognitive reappraisal)

Question 31

balance theory (Heider)

Answer 31

we are motivated to achieve harmony in interpersonal relationships, aversions to relationships where there is disharmony
balanced triad- everyone agrees on each other
imbalanced triad- some friends disagree about someone

Question 32

cognitive dissonance

Answer 32

FEELING being aware of holding conflicting beliefs, creates motivation to change behavior or rationalize conflict to remove that unwanted feeling

Question 33

self-determination theory

Answer 33

motivation to satisfy 3 needs: competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy (in order to be most successful)

Question 34

10 value domains

Answer 34

Schwartz identified 10 broad domains of values. Nearly everyone could identify core values from this list. (self-direction, universalism, conformity, tradition, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation)