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PSYC 200 Test 2 > Chapter 9 - Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

When does of development of a human start?

A

It starts in the womb, at the moment of conception.

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2
Q

What is the stage of development at 2 weeks?

A

The zygote is firmly implanted in the uterine wall; next stage of development begins.

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3
Q

What is the stage of human after 2 months?

A

Human is a fetus, there is no new structures energy after prenatal month 2; the fetus simply grows larger, stronger and fatter as the body organs mature.

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4
Q

When does birth occurs?

A

The most healthy full-term pregnancies end with the birth of baby between 38 and 42 weeks.

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5
Q

What are teratogens?

A

They are agents that may harm the embryo or fetus.

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6
Q

What are different examples of teratogens and when do they harm?

A
  • Drugs, alcohol, nicotine, radiation. Nicotine impact low weight at birth
  • Environmental agents like bacteria, viruses and chemicals. Viruses impact in early months of the pregnancy.
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7
Q

What are the effects of teratogens?

A

The effects depend on the type, amount and timing of exposure. They might be obvious at but, but not all teratogens can change physical characteristics.

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8
Q

What are formed with experience and interaction with the world?

A

New neural connections.

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9
Q

True or False? At birth, most cells are in their adult location.

A

True

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10
Q

What are add up as we grow up in cells?

A
  • Myelin sheath
  • Complexity of dendrites
  • Number of synapses
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11
Q

What is development?

A

It is a self-organizing process that goes back and forth to biology and experiment.

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12
Q

When is developed visual acuity?

A

It is poor when they are newborn but it increases rapidly over the first 6 months and reaches adult levels around 12 months.

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13
Q

How do motor development looks like by stages?

A 
2 months: raise head 45 degree
2-8 months: roll over
4 months: sit with support
5.5 months: sit without support
6.8 months: standing holding on
7.6 months: pull self to standing position 
9.2 months: walk holding on to furniture
10 months: crawl and creep
11.5 months: Stand alone
12.1 months: walk without assistance
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14
Q

What does memory represent for infants?

A

Learning suggest that infants have memories and memory improves with experience

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15
Q

What did Jean Piaget developed?

A

He introduced the idea that cognitive development occurs in stages. He then came up with a series of stages for cognitive development.

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16
Q

What are the main characteristics of the Piaget’s 1rst stage, sensorimotor?

A

Birth - 2 years
Differentiate self from object
Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally.
Achieves object permanence, when objects still exist even if they don’t see it

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17
Q

What are the key concepts of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Schemes: Develop when individuals adopt to their environment
Adaptation: Balancing of accommodation and assimilation
Accommodation: Scheme is changed in response to the environment
Assimilation: Properties of the environment are integrated into current schemes.

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18
Q

What are the different infant reflexes?

A
  • Grasping reflex
  • Rooting reflex
  • Sucking reflex
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19
Q

What does the combination of assimilation and accommodation result in?

A

Adaptation. The grasping scheme will be then modify to include rattles.

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20
Q

Explain the ball scheme.

A

Assimilate other objects that are not balls into the scheme based on shape.
Accommodate the scheme to include footballs. Balls also thrown & used in games.

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21
Q

What is attachment “dance” in infancy?

A

It is the emotional bonds between infant and direct caregivers. “Synchrony” begins around 2-3 months.

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22
Q

What is the role of a caregiver?

A

It is to tuned in to the infant’s signals, goals and needs. They need to be sensitive, emotionally available and responsive.

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23
Q

When does attachment style increases?

A

When a children can start to move away from the caregivers

24
Q

In the strange-situation test, how will a secure child act?

A

It will be distressed when the attachment figure leaves but quickly comforting when the caregiver returns.

25
Q

In the strange-situation test, how will an insecure/avoidant child act?

A

They will not be distressed when they leave and will avoid the caregiver when they return.

26
Q

In the strange-situation test, how will an insecure/ambivalent child act?

A

They will be inconsolably upset when they leave and will seek and reject the caregiver at the same time when they return.

27
Q

What is the relationship between secure attachment and real life?

A

They will do better socioemotionally in childhood, have better peer relations and successful adjustment at school.

28
Q

What is the relationship between insecure attachment and real life?

A

They will most likely have a poor outcomes such as developing depression and behavioural problems.

29
Q

What happen during the preoperational stage (2-7 years old)?

A
  • Increased ability to represent states mentally
  • Language development (thinking in words)
  • Symbolic-representational ability (imaginary friends, exercising schemes)
  • Egocentrism
  • Centration
30
Q

What is the difference between egocentrism and centration?

A

Egocentrism is when they view the world through their own experiences whereas centration is when they only think about more than 1 detail in problem-solving.

31
Q

What is the conclusion of Piaget’s marble test?

A

Young children don’t understand quantity in terms of number, they understand in terms of length.

32
Q

What are the main points in the concrete-operational stage (7 to 12 years old)?

A
  • Conservation tasks are passed
  • Acquisition of operations (recognize reversible actions, perspective-taking, classification and seriation)
  • Think of concrete information (no abstract ideas, short-term and working memory limited).
33
Q

What is one criticism of Piaget’s theory?

A

He underestimate abilities of younger children.

34
Q

What are some criticisms of Piaget’s theory in motor coordination?

A

Infant fail object permanence tasks because seeking out objects requires motor skills that they haven’t developed yet. If the experiment is adapter, the infant will appear to have more intentional gestures.

35
Q

What is the perceptual expectancies in early infancy?

A

As shown by this rod-&-block test, infants are able to perceive that objects moving together are continuous. Understanding the relation between movement and physical properties cognitive skills beyond those that Piaget expected 4 month old infant to leave.

36
Q

What is the conclusion of the M&M’s version of Piaget’s marble test?

A

The test enabled Mehler & Bever. Young children can in fact understand quantity in terms of number. Children choose the row with more M&M because they want to eat more

37
Q

What is the social environment’s criticism on Piaget’s theory?

A

Piaget viewed cognitive development as an invariant sequence of universal stage that were linked to biological maturation when we know that learning and experience is shaped by our social environment and with support, infant can perform better.

38
Q

What is the conclusion of the theory of mind?

A

When a child acquires theory of mind, able to understand that different individuals have both different perspectives and knowledge based on their experience.
Pass: Child who said in basket bc Sally doesn’t know it was moved
Failed: Child who said in the box.

39
Q

What is moral development and the different theories?

A

It is to learn behaviour and choose morally.
Moral reasoning theories
Moral emotions theories

40
Q

What are the different levels in Kohlberg theory of moral judgement?

A
  1. Pre-conventional level: Self-interest & event outcomes
  2. Conventional level: Strict adherence to societal rules & the approval of others
  3. Post-conventional level: Abstract principles and value of all life.
41
Q

What are the different moral emotions?

A
  • Self-conscious emotions: embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride
  • Sympathy: concern, pity, sorrow for another
  • Empathy: Understanding another’s emotional state . Feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel.
42
Q

By what is characterized adolescence?

A

By dramatic changes in all levels of development. It can cause a lot of stress, problems and can develop psychological distress.

43
Q

What is puberty?

A

It is the hormones levels increase throughout the body. It is characterized nu growth spurt, primary and secondary sex characteristics.

44
Q

What is growth spur?

A

It is a rapid and hormonally driven increase in height and weight. It happens around 11-13 years old for girls and 13-15 for boys.

45
Q

What is primary sex characteristics?

A

Maturation of male and female sex organs

46
Q

What is secondary sex characteristics?

A

It is pubic hair, body hair, muscle mass increases for boys and fat deposits on the hips and breast for females.

47
Q

What are the different types of pubertal timing?

A

Early: ahead most peers of same sex
On-time: at similar level to most same-sex peers
Late: behind

48
Q

What are the different neurological changes during adolescence?

A

White matter increases, therefore the speed processing increases and more myelination is produced.
Grey matter increases creating new synaptic connexion.
However not all regions of the brain grow at the same time. EG: Lympic regions increase faster than prefrontal

49
Q

What is the role of the lympic region?

A

Pleasure and fun

50
Q

Why are adolescents able to think abstractly?

A

Because it process information more quickly and hold short-term memory.

51
Q

How can you describe “the self” phase in adolescence?

A

It is the abstract thinking & reasoning about the self. There is a lot of introspection and self-reflection looking for identity and it can decline self-esteem. It can sometimes be linked to depression, anxiety and risk taking.

52
Q

What is gender identity and its role in adolescence?

A

They are personal beliefs about whether one is male or female or non-binary.
In adolescence, you try to figure out the expectation about gender through experience.
Gender roles comes to play a big role, which are characteristics associated with the different genders because of cultural influence or learning.

53
Q

How does ethnic identity play a role in adolescents?

A

They work to establish a racial or ethnic identity. They are reconciliation identification with one’s ethnic group and identification with majority culture.

54
Q

How do peers have impact on adolescents?

A

Identity development is shaped by peer groups which can have a positive or negative impact.

55
Q

How are relationships with parents and adolescents?

A

They continue to be influential. They can be a source of support if they are sensitive, available and responsive. Structure and rules are also important. A lot of conflicts on everyday matter can occur.

PSYC 200 Test 2 (5 decks)

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