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PSYC 200 Test 2 > Chapter 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory and what are the 3 steps involved?

A

The nervous’ system capacity to contain and retrieve skills and knowledge.
Encoding, storage and retrieval

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2
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex with memory?

A

Working memory

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3
Q

What is the role of temporal lobe in memory?

A

Declarative memory

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4
Q

What is the role of amygdala in memory?

A

Fear learning

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5
Q

What is the role of hippocampus in memory?

A

Spatial memory

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6
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in memory?

A

Motor action learning and memory

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7
Q

What is reconsolidating?

A

It is the process involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval.

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8
Q

What is potentiate?

A

It is to strengthen to make something more potent.

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9
Q

What are the steps of long-term potential (LTP) when retrieving information from there?

A

1- When presynaptic neuron is given a brief electrical pulse, there is a slight probability that postsynaptic will fire.
2- Applying intense & frequent pulses to presynaptic neuron leads to greater probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire.
3- When a single brief pulse is applied subsequently, it produces greatest probability to fire.

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10
Q

What is theta rhythms in LTP?

A

It is when groups of neurons fire at the same time in an oscillatory pattern

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11
Q

What is the first phase of LTP?

A

1- 1 NMBA receptors unblock the Mg+

2- Ca2+ flows in, binds to CamKII and leads to phase

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12
Q

What is the second phase of LTP?

A

1- AMPA receptors increase: more depolarize cause sodium can flew through
2- Increase post synaptic area: redistribution neural connection
3- Nitric oxide (gas) signals more glutamate release

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13
Q

What is the memory system model?

A
  1. Sensory memory: unattended info is lost
    Attention
  2. Short term memory: unrehearsed info is lost
    Maintenance rehearsal
    Encoding
  3. Long-term memory: same info may be lost over time
    Retrieval go back to 2.
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14
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

It is the memory system that very briefly stores sensory information close to its original sensory form. There are ionic memory and echoic memory.

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15
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

It is the visual sensory memory

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16
Q

What is the echoic memory?

A

It is the auditory sensory

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17
Q

According to Sperling’s visual report technique, for how long last sensory memory?

A

1/3 of second and progressively fades

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18
Q

What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?

A

Short term memory is when the memory storage system that briefly hold a limited amount of information in awareness, whereas the working memory is an active processing system that keeps different types of informations available for current use.
Short-term memory doesn’t equal to working memory

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19
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

It is the working memory process that keep information in short-term memory so it can be manipulated. The central processor is situated in the prefrontal cortex coordinates manipulation of information. The phonological loop is the speech based and verbal information processed in the primary auditory cortex. The visuospatial sketchpad is the visual and spatial material processed in the primary visual cortex.

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20
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

It is a relatively permanent storage of information via process of encoding. The information are maintained in the working memory and can be moved to our long-term memory system via encoding serial position effect.

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21
Q

How can you differentiate long-term memory and working memory?

A

When memorizing items at the beginning of a list, it is long-term memory and we call it the primacy effect.
When memorizing items at the end of a list, it is the working memory which we call the recency effect.

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22
Q

What are the 2 different types of long-term memory?

A

Explicit memory or declarative which requires conscious effort and often can be verbally describe
Implicit memory which is not declarative and doesn’t require conscious effort and often can’t be verbally described

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of explicit memory (declarative)?

A

Episodic memory based on personally experience events and semantic memory that are facts and knowledge.

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of implicit memory (non-declarative)

A

Classical conditioning which associates 2 stimuli elicits a response and procedural memory which are the motor skills and habits.

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25
Q

What is the spreading activation model?

A

It is when a stimuli in working memory activate a specific nodes in long-term memory, making the retrieval easier. The closer the nodes are, the stronger the association will be.
Activating one node increases the likelihood that closely associated nodes will also be activated.

26
Q

What is a schema?

A

It is a cognitive structure that help us perceive, organize, process and use information.

27
Q

How are encoding and retrieval linked together?

A

How well we encode information will affect how memory is stored in LTM and how easily it retrieved.

28
Q

What means “encoding based on meaning”?

A

It is mental representations that are stored by meaning.

29
Q

How does levels of processing model affect the encoding?

A

The more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered.

30
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?.

A

It is a shallow encoding repeating the item over and over. A encoding strategy for levels of processing

31
Q

What is an elaborative rehearsal?

A

It is a deep encoding, more meaningful that is use for a deeper level of processing.

32
Q

What are cues we can use for a better encoding?

A

We can use visual, acoustic and semantic cues.

33
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

They are cues to help a person recall information stored in long-term memory.

34
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

It is any stimulus that is encoded along with experience that can later trigger a memory for experience.

35
Q

What is a context-dependent memory?

A

When we recall a situation that is similar to encoding situation.

36
Q

What is state-dependent memory?

A

It is when a person’s internal states match during encoding and recall.

37
Q

What are mnemonics?

A

Shallow learning aids, strategies and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues.

38
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Is it when we remember to do something at some future time. It takes up valuable cognitive resources and doesn’t require any retrieval cue.

39
Q

What is transcience?

A

It is to forget over time that is caused by interference.

40
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

It is an interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

41
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

It is an interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

42
Q

What is blocking?

A

Blocking is a temporary inability to remember something. It often occurs because of interference from words that are similar in some way such as in sounds or meaning and that recur. We often call it the tip-of-tongue phenomenon

43
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

It is when you are inattentive or shallow encoding of an event. It often occurs during everyday activities that becomes automatic.

44
Q

What is persistance?

A

Is is the continual recurrence of unwanted memories. PTSD falls into this category. It is a serious problem that involves the recurrence of traumatic memories that can be debilitating.

45
Q

What is source in memory failure?

A

It is when the memory distort what occurs when people misremember the time, place, person or circumstances involved with a memory.

46
Q

What is the false fame effect?

A

It is an effect that causes people to mistakenly believe that someone is famous simply because they have encountered the person’s name before

47
Q

What is the sleeper effect?

A

It is an argument that initially may not be very persuasive because it comes from a questionable source but may become more persuasive overtime.

48
Q

What is cryptomnesia?

A

It is a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet had only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source.

49
Q

What is bias in memory?

A

It is when people reconstruct events to be consistent

50
Q

What is memory bias?

A

It is changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.

51
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

It is a development of biased memories from misleading information. It often occurs with eyewitness in accidents when they develop stronger memories for inaccurate details.

52
Q

What is amnesia?

A

It is the lose of ability to retrieve information from disease, brain injury or psychological trauma.

53
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

It is the lost of past memories.

54
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

It is the lost of ability to form new memories.

55
Q

Explain the Retrograde Amnesia H.M case.

A

In 1953, H.M had a brain surgery to quiet their seizures. The medial temporal lobe was removed from the brain. After the surgery, they lost the ability to remember over long period of time.

56
Q

Explain the Anterograde Amnesia Patient E.P case.

A

The same researches go and visit him multiple times, over 200 times. They ask him to memorize a series of word that he repeats after. However, his long-term memory was affected. E.P doesn’t remember the previous visit and can’t remember the words after 15 min. He has clear memories of his past life before his incident and repeats them over and over. The temporal lobes were damaged during the incident. We can hypothesize that the hippocampus is not where the long-term memory is located and E.P probably has a proactive interference.

57
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Neural process involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval. However the version of the story might differ.

58
Q

What are the factors that can enhance memories?

A

Context-dependent memory: when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
State-dependent memory: When a person’s internal states match during encoding and recall

59
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

It is cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared.

60
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

It is one’s personal past experience

61
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge of facts independent of personal experience.

PSYC 200 Test 2 (5 decks)

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