Capter 6 - Learning

Question 1

What are the 3 types of learning?

Answer 1

Non-associative, associative & observational

Question 2

What is a non-associative learning?

Answer 2

It is to learn about the stimulus in the external world. Habituation and sensitization are part of the process.

Question 3

What is sensitization?

Answer 3

It is the increase behavioural response to stimulus increase. It will happen in a dangerous situation

Question 4

What is habituation?

Answer 4

When a behavioural response to stimulus decrease and it usually happens when there is no danger or reward.

Question 5

What are the different associative learning and their differences?

Answer 5

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is when you learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus and operant conditional is when you learn a behaviour that leads to a certain outcome (consequence)

Question 6

What are the different types of observational learning and their differences?

Answer 6

Modelling is imitating a behaviour and vicarious learning is to engage a behaviour or not after seeing someone being rewarded or punished.

Question 7

What is the Phase 1 of conditioning?

Answer 7

Reflexive response is when an unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to an unconditional response (UR)

Question 8

What is the Phase 2 of conditioning?

Answer 8

It is when a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus with no prior link leads to an unconditioned response.

Question 9

What is the Phase 3 of conditioning?

Answer 9

It is when the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus becomes an acquisition to an unconditioned response and conditioned response.
Acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery

Question 10

What is an acquisition in conditioning?

Answer 10

It is when the condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus pairing increase learning and produce CS and CR

Question 11

What is extinction in conditioning?

Answer 11

It is when the CS present without the US, the CR extinguishes

Question 12

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 12

It is when the CS alone produce weak CR.

Question 13

What is a 2nd spontaneous recovery?

Answer 13

It is when the CR is weaker and extinguishes if the CS is alone.

Question 14

What is a stimulus generalization?

Answer 14

It is the tendency for the stimulus that are similar in CS to elicit the CR, which is basically similar response but different stimulus.

Question 15

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 15

It is a differentiation between 2 similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with unconditioned stimulus.

Question 16

How does classical conditioning works?

Answer 16

Classical conditioning transform a reaction of US to UR into CS to CR creating an expectation and is basically predicting the response.

Question 17

Explain the Rescorila-Wagner Model.

Answer 17

It is the model for classical conditioning where the strength of association between the CS and US is determined by extent to which unconditioned stimulus is unexpected. Sometimes, you have to relearn CS for the same expectation.

Question 18

What is the dopamine activity before, after and after conditioning when the US don’t follow CS?

Answer 18

Before: despite, normal. Peak after US juice
After: Spike after CS
US don’t follow CS: decrease in dopamine

Question 19

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 19

It is the learning process by which consequences of behaviour determine the likehood that will be performed in the future. Punishments are usually not used.

Question 20

What is the law of effect?

Answer 20

It is any behaviour that leads to “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again and the annoying is less likely to happen again.

Question 21

What is positive and negative reinforcement?

Answer 21

Reinforcement is when you give a reward within the operant conditioning paradigm, therefore positive reinforcement is the addition of stimulus to increase the probability of a behaviour’s being repeated whereas negative reinforcement is when you remove the reward for an aversive stimulus.

Question 22

What is a positive and negative punishment?

Answer 22

It is when you can take 2 forms with a goal to reduce the probability that this behaviour will recur.
Positive punishment is an addition of stimulus to decrease the probability of recurring whereas negative punishment is when you remove the stimulus to decrease the probability.

Question 23

What is behaviour modification?

Answer 23

It is the use of operant conditioning to eliminate an unwanted behaviour and replace them with a desired one.

Question 24

What is observational learning?

Answer 24

It is the acquisition or the modification of behaviour after exposure to another individual performing that behaviour.

Question 25

What is modeling?

Answer 25

It is when a model demonstrates an action or stimulus and the observer imitates it. It is only effective if the observer is physically able to replicate and is more common in humans than non-human animals.

Question 26

What is vicarious learning?

Answer 26

It is learning the consequences of an action by watching other being rewarded or punished. If it is observed, it doesn’t mean that it will lead to be performed.

Question 27

What can result from observational learning?

Answer 27

Violence, aggression, fear, etc.