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PSYC 200 Test 2 > Chapter 8 - Thinking, Language & Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Thinking, Language & Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different thinking studies?

A

Contents: What do you know?
Processes: How do you manipulate mental contents?
Allocation of resources: How do you allocate?
Efficiency: How quickly & accurately do you manipulate information?
Application: When and how does thinking affect behaviour?

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2
Q

What is the difference between analogical representation and symbolic representation?

A

Analogical contain the characteristics of the objects, whereas symbolic is abstract, therefore doesn’t correspond to the features of objects or ideas.

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3
Q

What are the contents concepts?

A

They are categories or class or related items linked to a symbolic representations. Shared properties.

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4
Q

What is a prototype model in contents?

A

Within each category, one best example (prototype) for that category.

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5
Q

What is an exemplar model in contents?

A

All members of a category are examples that together form the concept.

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6
Q

What are schemas in contents?

A

It is a cognitive structure that help us perceive, organize and process information. It is shaped by culture and stereotypes.

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7
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

Cognitive schemas that allow for easy fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups.

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8
Q

What is the difference between decision making and problem solving?

A

Decision making is to attempt to select the best alternative among options whereas problem solving is to find a way around an obstacle to reach a goal.

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9
Q

What are heuristics in decision making?

A

They are shortcuts that reduce the amount of thinking needed to make decisions. It can be adaptive, occurs unconsciously or result in biases.

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10
Q

What is belief-bias effect?

A

It is when we compare the content of the decision with previous experience and then it can be difficult to ignore the content even when the decision is based on logical relations among decision elements, rather than previous knowledge or content.

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11
Q

What is anchoring in relative comparisons?

A

It is that most decisions don’t reduce to simple logical relations. It often involves more subjectivity where bias can play a role in these decision making. Anchoring is basically the tendency to rely on the first piece of information encountered.

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12
Q

What is framing in relative comparisons?

A

It is the loss of aversion where you focus on the negative even if the positive is bigger.

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13
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

It is making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind.

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14
Q

What is representative heuristic?

A

It is placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to one’s prototype for that category.

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15
Q

What are problems?

A

They are situations with no simple or direct means of attaining a goal.

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16
Q

What are mental sets?

A

They are problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.

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17
Q

What are functional fixedness?

A

It is when you have a fixed idea about the typical functions of an object.

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18
Q

What is a change of mental representation?

A

It is thinking outside the box, new way of thinking aids solution, a new insight.

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19
Q

What are examples of conscious strategies?

A
  • Using algorithms that if followed correctly, it will always yield to correct answer.
  • It will work backward from the goal state to the initial state.
  • Analogical problem solving
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20
Q

Which hemisphere is involved in speech?

A

The left, but the right is also used for example to understand metaphors.

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21
Q

What are the 2 brain regions involved in speech?

A

Broca’s area: speech production

Wernicke’s area: speech comprehension

22
Q

What is aphasia?

A

It is a language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and production.

23
Q

What is language?

A

It is a tool that human use to communicate about conceptual system that arise through experience and observation

24
Q

What is the linguistic relativity theory?

A

It claims that language determines thought, however it is not true since disable people do have thoughts.

25
Q

What is word-to-world mapping?

A

It is when conceptual development, speech decoding and understanding intentionality leads to the first words and sentences of a toddler.

26
Q

What is conceptual development?

A

It is when children from concepts by experiencing and observing the world.

27
Q

What is speech decoding?

A

It is when infants learn to parse words based on their sounds statistical frequency with which they hear the sounds spoken in their environment.

28
Q

What is human vocal tract?

A

Speech is produced by moving air through the vocal cords, part of the larynx, into the mouth. Lip & tongue movement then control the shape of the oral cavity and the flow of the air, resulting in particular sounds.

29
Q

What is speech waveform?

A

It is when there are no spaces between the words, yet the brain normally can segment the wave form so that the words can be understood.

30
Q

What is joint attention?

A

It is to point object with context.

31
Q

How are first words and sentences produced?

A

Analogical representations = world
Symbolic representations = word
Analogical representations are linked to symbolic representation throughout the time.

32
Q

What are the different stages of language “explosion”?

A

18-24 months: learn word for objects. Semantic. Learn meaning of words
24-36 months: pragmatics. Appropriate language use in context and grammar

33
Q

What are grammatical cues?

A

Children use grammatical cues in language to combine words into meaningful phrases and sentences.

34
Q

How can deaf babies learn language?

A

If exposed to signed languages from birth, they will acquire this language to an identical maturation timeline as a hearing baby.

35
Q

How can children learn to read?

A

They identify signs and then connect it to the meaning.

36
Q

What are phonics?

A

A method of teaching reading in English that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes.

37
Q

What is whole language?

A

A method of teaching reading in English that emphasis learning the meaning of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences.

38
Q

What is surface structure?

A

Sound and order of words

39
Q

What is deep structure?

A

Implicit meaning of sentences.

40
Q

What is intelligence?

A

The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environment challenges.

41
Q

Who is Sir Francis Galton (1883)?

A

He is the first to try measuring intelligence. He thinks it is biologically based. He evaluates intelligence based on 2 general qualities: energy, the speed or neural quickness, and sensitivity, sensory activity or accuracy.

42
Q

What is Binet and Simon’s theory?

A

They think intelligence can be improved through instruction and practice. Higher intelligence = order of mental abilities and direction, knowing what has to be done and how, adaptation, task selection and monitoring, and control, the ability to criticize one’s thoughts and actions.

43
Q

What is a mental age?

A

It a matched test score to the age group whose average score was similar.

44
Q

What is intelligence quotient?

A

It is from Stanford-Binet studies. It is the mental age/actual age x 100 = IQ. Calculate your intelligence.

45
Q

What are the different components of Wechsler scales?

A
  • Verbal comprehension: vocabulary, factual knowledge
  • Perceptual reasoning: puzzles, picture completion
  • Working memory: digit span, arithmetic
  • Processing speed: symbol search
46
Q

How are IQ scores distributed?

A

Standard deviation is 15.
Average is 100.
68.3% scored between 85 & 115.

47
Q

What is the Spearman Model?

A
48
Q

What influences IQ?

A

Highly heritable. but environment plays some roles.

49
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

It is the average raw score IQ increased by 9 points per generation. We can see that the socioeconomic status has an effect on the IQ.

50
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype are the genes, the potential, and phenotype is the environment, the expression.

PSYC 200 Test 2 (5 decks)

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