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Perception > Chapter 9: Hearing; physiology and psychoacoustics > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Hearing; physiology and psychoacoustics Flashcards

1
Q

amplitude/intensity

A

the magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave. Perceived as loudness.

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2
Q

frequency

A

the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure changes repeats. Perceived as pitch.

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3
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

A nut of measure for recency. 1 Hz = 1 cycle/second

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4
Q

loudness

A

psychological aspect of sound related to intensity (amplitude)

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5
Q

pitch

A

psychological aspect of sound related to frequency.

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6
Q

decibel (dB)

A

A unit of measure for the physical intensity of sound. Defined as differences between 2 sounds as ratios; each 10:1 sound pressure ration = 20 dB and 100:1 = 40 dB.

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7
Q

sine wave or pure tone

A

A waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sine function

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8
Q

spectrum

A

a representation of the relative energy (intensity) present at each frequency

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9
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound

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10
Q

timbre

A

psychological sensation which a listener can judge that 2 sounds with the same loudness and pitch are different. Timbre quality is conveyed by harmonics and other high frequencies.

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11
Q

pinna

A

outer, funnel-like part of the ear

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12
Q

ear canal

A

the canal that conducts sounds vibration from the pinna to the tympanic membrane and prevents damage to the membrane.

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13
Q

tympanic membrane

A

ear drum, vibrates in respond to sound.

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14
Q

outer ear

A

external sound-gathering portion of ear. Pinna + ear canal

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15
Q

middle ear

A

air-filled chamber containing the middle bones (ossicle). Middle ear conveys and amplifies vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

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16
Q

ossicle

A

3 bones = malleus, incus, and stapes.

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17
Q

malleus

A

receives vibration from tympanic membrane sends to incus

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18
Q

incus

A

between malleus and stapes

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19
Q

stapes

A

between incus and oval window of the cochlea

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20
Q

oval window

A

receives vibration signals from stapes, fluid-filled chamber

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21
Q

inner ear

A

A hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull, and strutters within this cavity: the cochlea and the semicircular canal of the vestibular system

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22
Q

tensor tympani

A

muscles attached to the malleus; tensing the tensor tympani decreases vibration.

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23
Q

stapedius

A

muscles attached to the stapes; tensing the stapedius decreases vibration

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24
Q

acoustic reflex

A

reflex that protects the ear from intense sounds, via contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles

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25
Q

tympanic canal

A

1 of the 3 fluid-filled passages in the cochlea. The tympanic canal extends from the round window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex. Also called scala tympani

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26
Q

vestibular canal

A

one of 3 fluid-filled passages in the cochlea. The vestibular canal extends from the oval window at the base of the cochlea to the hemicotrema at the apex. (scala vestibuli)

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27
Q

middle canal

A

1 of the 3 fluid-filled passages in the cochlea. The middle canal is sandwiched between the tympanic and vestibular canals and contains the cochlear partition. (scala media)

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28
Q

helicotrema

A

the opening that connects the tympanic and vestibular canal at the apex of the cochlea

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29
Q

reissner’s membrane

A

a them sheath of tissue separating the vestibular and middle canals in the cochlea

30
Q

basilar membrane

A

a plate of fibers that forms the base of the cochlear partition and separates the middle and tympanic canals in the cochlea.

31
Q

cochlear partition

A

the combined basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and organ of corgi, which are together responsible for the transduction of sound waves into neural signals

32
Q

round window

A

a soft area of tissue at the base of the tympanic canal that releases excess pressure remaining from the extreme intense sounds

33
Q

organ of corti

A

a structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea that is comprosed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers

34
Q

hair cell

A

any cell that has stereocilia for transacting mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain;some hair cells also receives input form the brain

35
Q

auditory nerve fiber

A

a collection of neuron that convey info from hair cells in the cochlea to and from the brainstem

36
Q

stereocilium

A

any of the hairlike extensions on the tops of hair cells in the cochlea that, when flexed, initiate the release of the neurotransmitters

37
Q

tectorial membrane

A

a gelatinous structure, attached on 1 end, that extends into the middle canal of the ear, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells.

38
Q

tip link

A

a tiny filament that stretches from the tip of a stereo cilium to the side of its neighbor

39
Q

afferent fiber

A

a neuron that carries sensory info to the CNS

40
Q

efferent fiber

A

a neuron that carries info from the CNS to the periohery

41
Q

threshold tuning curve

A

a graph plotting the threshold of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response.

42
Q

characteristic frequency (CF)

A

the frequency to which a particular auditory nerve fiber is most sensitive

43
Q

2-tone suppression

A

a decrease in the firing rate of 1 auditory nerve fiber due to 1 tone, when a second tone is presented at the same time

44
Q

isointensity curve

A

a map plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber against varying frequencies at the steady intensity

45
Q

rate saturation

A

the point at which a nerve fiber is firing as rapid as possible and further stimulating is incapable of increasing the firing rate

46
Q

rate-intensity function

A

a graph plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a sound of constant frequency at increasing intensities

47
Q

low-spontaneous fiber

A

an auditory nerve fiber that has a low rate of spontaneous firing; low-spontaneous fibers require relative intense sound before they will fire at high rates

48
Q

high-spontaneous fiber

A

an auditory nerve fiber that has a high rate of spontaneous firing;high=spontaneous fibers increase their firing rate in response to relative low levels of sounds

49
Q

mid-spontaneous fiber

A

an auditory nerve fiber that has a med rate of spontaneous firing. the characteristics of mid-soon fibers are intermediate b/w low and high spontaneous fibers.

50
Q

phase locking

A

firing of a single neuron at 1 distant point in the period of a second wave at given frequency.

51
Q

temporal code

A

tuning of diff parts of the cochlea to diff frequencies, in which info about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the timing of neural firing as it relates to the period of the sound

52
Q

volley principle

A

the idea that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period

53
Q

cochlea nucleus

A

the first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse

54
Q

superior olive

A

an early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge

55
Q

inferior colliculus

A

a midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway

56
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

the part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input form the auditory cortex

57
Q

tonotopic organization

A

an arrangement in which neurons that respond to diff frequencies are organized anatomically in order of frequency

58
Q

primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

the first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic info

59
Q

belt area

A

a region of cortex, directly adjacent to the primary auditory cortex (A1), with inputs from A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds

60
Q

parabelt area

A

a region of cortex lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sound as to input from the other senses

61
Q

psychoacoustics

A

the study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics; a branch of psychophysics

62
Q

audibility threshold

A

the lowest sound pressure level that can reliably detected at a given frequency

63
Q

equal-loudness curve

A

a graph plotting sound pressure level (dB SPL) against the frequency for which is listener perceive constant loudness

64
Q

temporal integration

A

the process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of greater duration. Also applies to perceived brightness, which depends on the duration of light.

65
Q

masking

A

using a second sound, frequency noise, to make the detection of another sound more difficult

66
Q

white noise

A

noise consisting of all audible frequencies in equal amounts. White noise in hearing is analogous to white light in vision, for which all wavelengths are present

67
Q

critical bandwidth

A

the range of frequencies conveyed within channel in the auditory system

68
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear

69
Q

otitis media

A

inflammation of the middle ear, common in children as a result of infection

70
Q

otosclerosis

A

abnormal growth of the middle-ear bones that causes hearing loss

71
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss due to defects of the cochlear or auditory nerves

72
Q

ototoxic

A

producing adverse affects on cochlear or vestibular organs or nerves.

Perception (4 decks)

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