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PSYCH 239 > Chapter 9: Gender Identity, Paraphilias, and Sexual Dysfunctions > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Gender Identity, Paraphilias, and Sexual Dysfunctions Flashcards

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1
Q

Gender Identity

A

one’s psychological sense of being female or male

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2
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

disorder in which an individual experiences significant personal distress or impaired functioning as a result of a discrepancy between his or her anatomic sex and gender identity

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3
Q

Transgender Identity

A

a type of gender identity in which the individual has the psychological sense of belonging to one gender while possessing the sexual organs of the other

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4
Q

Paraphilic Disorders

A

types of sexual disorders in which a person experiences recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving nonhuman objects (such as articles of clothing), inappropriate or nonconsenting parties (e.g. children), or situation producing humiliation or pain to oneself or one’s partner

the person has either acted on such urges or is strongly distressed by them

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5
Q

Exhibitionistic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder almost exclusively occurring in males in which the man experiences persistent and recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving the exposure of his genitals to a stronger and either has acted on these urges or feels strongly distressed by them

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6
Q

Fetishistic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder in which a person uses an inanimate object or a non-genital body part (partialism) as a focus of sexual interest and as a source of arousal

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7
Q

Transvestic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving cross-dressing, in which the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly by them

also called transvestism

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8
Q

Voyeuristic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving the act of watching unsuspecting other who are naked, in the act of undressing, or engaged in sexual activity, in which the person has either acted in these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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9
Q

Frotteuristic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges or sexually arousing fantasies involving bumping and rubbing against nonconsenting victims for sexual gratification

the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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10
Q

Pedophilic Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges or sexually arousing fantasies involving sexual activity with prepubescent children

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11
Q

Sexual Masochism Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder characterized by sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving receiving humiliation or pain

the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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12
Q

Hypoxyphilia

A

paraphilic disorder in which a person seeks gratification by being deprived of oxygen by means of using a noose, plastic bag, chemical, or pressure on the chest

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13
Q

Sexual Sadism Disorder

A

type of paraphilic disorder or sexual deviation characterized by recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving inflicting humiliation or physical pain on sex partners

the person has either acted on these urges or is strongly distressed by them

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14
Q

Sadomasochism

A

sexual activities between consenting partners involving the attainment of gratification by means of inflicting and receiving pain and humiliation

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15
Q

Sexual Assault

A

nonconsensual bodily contact for a sexual purpose

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16
Q

Aggravated Sexual Assault

A

sexual assault in which the victim is maimed or disfigured or has his or her endangered

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17
Q

Sexual Dysfunctions

A

psychological disorders involving persistent difficulties with sexual interest, arousal, or response

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18
Q

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A

a type of sexual dysfunction in men involving a persistent or recurrent lack of sexual interest or sexual fantasies

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19
Q

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

A

a type of sexual dysfunction in women involving either a lack of or greatly reduced level of sexual interest drive, or arousal

women with problem becoming sexually aroused may lack feelings of sexual pleasure or excitement that normally accompany sexual arousal, or they may experience little or no sexual interest or pleasure

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20
Q

Erectile Disorder

A

sexual dysfunction in males characterized by difficulty in achieving or maintaining erection during sexual activity

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21
Q

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A

type of sexual dysfunction in women involving difficulties achieving orgasm

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22
Q

Delayed Ejaculation

A

type of sexual dysfunction in men involving persistent difficulties achieving orgasm

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23
Q

Premature Ejaculation

A

type of sexual dysfunction involving a persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring during sexual activity at a point before the man desires it

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24
Q

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A

persistent or recurrent pain experienced during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts

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25
Q

Vaginismus

A

the involuntary spasm of the muscles surrounding the vagina when vaginal penetration is attempted, making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible

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26
Q

Performance Anxiety

A

fear relating to the threat of failing to perform adequately

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27
Q

Sensate Focus Exercises

A

in sex therapy, mutual pleasuring activities between partners that are focused on the partners taking turns giving and receiving physical pleasure

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28
Q

Self-Spectatoring

A

tendency to observe one’s behavior as if one were a spectator of oneself

people with sexual dysfunctions often become self-spectators in the sense of focusing their attention during sexual activity on the response of their sex organs rather than on their partners or the sexual stimulation itself

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29
Q

What is the criteria that must be met in order for sexual behavior to be labelled as abnormal?

A

deviates from the norms of one’s society

is self-defeating/causes personal distress

harms others

interferes with one’s ability to function

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30
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria?

A

a marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender

a marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics

a strong desire to be rid of one’s primary and/or secondary sex characteristics

a strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the other gender

a strong desire to be of the other gender

a strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other gender

associated with clinically significant distress

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31
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria with the post-transition specifier?

A

the individual has transitioned to full-time living in the desired gender and has undergone (or preparing to have) at least one cross-sex medical procedure or treatment regimen

32
Q

What is gender expression?

A

the way one presents their gender outwardly

33
Q

What is gender identity?

A

one’s psychological sense of being female or male

34
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

a disorder in which the individual believes that her or his anatomic gender is inconsistent with his or her psychological sense of being male or female

35
Q

What are treatments for gender dysphoria?

A

hormone therapy: secondary sex characteristics of the other gender

living as the identified gender for about one year, RLE (real life experience), legal requirement, controversial to prolong treatment

36
Q

What is sex reassignment surgery?

A

tracheal shave (get rid of Adam’s apple)

breast removal/construction

37
Q

What is vaginoplasty?

A

surgical removal of the penis and creation of a vagina

38
Q

What is phalloplasty?

A

clitoris embedded in shaft of penis created from skin taken from thigh or forearm, normal size penis, erection via prosthesis

39
Q

What is metoidioplasty?

A

vaginal lining is scraped and allowed to heal together to seal closed

alternative to phalloplasty

starts with hormone therapy to enlarge clitoris to about 5 cm

labia are fashioned into a scrotum, usually with prosthetic testicles

clitoris located at end; maintains orgasmic capacity

40
Q

How is psychotherapy used to treat gender dysphoria?

A

necessary throughout

important to screen for other conditions motivating the desire for gender change

since these are major, and partly irreversible surgeries, the decision to move forward should be made cautiously

excessive delays/refusal can also be risk factors

41
Q

What is exhibitionistic disorder?

A

erotic pleasure from displaying their genitals

42
Q

What is fetishistic disorder?

A

arousal because of particular objects

43
Q

What is transvestic disorder?

A

process disorder

interest in doing something

cross-dressing for erotic purposes

elaborate ritual

not to be confused with ender dysphoria

heterosexual, male identifying individuals

44
Q

What is frotteuristic disorder?

A

rubbing genitals against an un-consenting party

45
Q

What is toucheristic disorder?

A

touch someone without their consent

could be subtle or non subtle

46
Q

What is klismaphilic disorder?

A

enema

insert something into your butt, flush it out with water

47
Q

What is pedophilic disorder?

A

erotic preference for children

48
Q

What is the development of persistent sexual offending against children?

A

two components: antisociality, sexual attraction to prepubescent children

the presence of both significantly increases likelihood that a person will offend against children

49
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for paraphilic disorders such as exhibitionistic disorder?

A

over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure of one’s genitals to un unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors

the individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

50
Q

What are the specifiers for exhibitionistic disorder?

A

sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubescent children

sexually aroused by exposing genitals to physically mature individuals

sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubertal children and physically mature individuals

51
Q

What does the paraphilic specifier “in a controlled environment” mean?

A

this specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to expose one’s genitals are restricted

52
Q

What does the paraphilic specifier “in full remission” mean?

A

the individual has not acted on the urges with a nonconsenting person, and there has been no distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning, for at least 5 years while in an uncontrolled environment

53
Q

What are the means of assessing erotic preference?

A

primary means is by patient self-report, though this is highly prone to distortion, especially when motivated by shame or possible legal censure

examining web browsing history

54
Q

How is VRT (visual reaction test) used to assess erotic preference?

A

indirect, based on viewing times and pattern

accurately measure where on the screen they are viewing

Abel battery: also elicits a subjective rating from 1 (disgusting) to 7 (highly arousing), not always accepted in court (cannot be compelled to provide evidence against themselves)

55
Q

How are plethysmographic studies used to assess erotic preference?

A

more direct

invasive, requires cooperation, all variables are controlled

measurement of arousal while watching/hearing stimuli in several categories

measurement of blood flow to the penis

56
Q

What are the psychodynamic perspectives on paraphilic disorders?

A

castration anxiety leads to projection of sexual desires onto “safer” targets

the penis vanishing into a vagina is symbolic of castration in this view

masochism is symbolic aggression toward the internalized father (you hate your father, getting punished hurts internalized father)

57
Q

What are the learning theory perspectives on paraphilic disorders?

A

learned associations between sexual pleasure and contextual stimuli

implications for partner intimacy/sustained attraction?

fails to explain why paraphilias (esp fetishes) aren’t more common

observation (vicarious) learning: online pornography puts ideas into their heads about what is normal

any kind of fantasy can be positively reinforced (persons preference are shaped by experience)

58
Q

What are the psychodynamic treatments of paraphilias?

A

resolution of the Oedipal complex (and corresponding castration anxiety) allows the mergence of non-paraphilic interests

can’t change partner preferences (conversion therapy)

59
Q

What are the behavior therapy treatments of paraphilias?

A

aversive conditioning; using ammonia or electric shock, extinction effects, no maintenance, short-term, no evidence you can fundamentally change preference, but can change if they act on it

prone to extinction, no promotion of alternate interest

CBT: development of adaptive thoughts and social skills

pharmacological: SSRIs are sometimes helpful, reduce impulsivity

60
Q

What is sexual assault?

A

forcible rape (physically dominate, absence of consent) and statutory rape (absence of legal consent)

61
Q

What are the possible effects of sexual assault?

A

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

depression

impaired intimate relationships (not just sexually)

increased substance abuse

lower sexual drive/enjoyment

physical symptoms (e.g. headache, disrupted menses)

62
Q

What is the treatment of rape survivors?

A

it is never the victim’s fault

assurance that it will never happen again (protect yourself)

provide a safe environment without fear of judgement

63
Q

What is level 1 sexual assault?

A

non-consensual bodily contact for sexual purpose

64
Q

What is level 2 sexual assault?

A

assault with a weapon

65
Q

What is level 3 sexual assault?

A

aggravated; physical harm and/or threat of death

66
Q

What are the types of sexual dysfunction?

A

sexual interest disorder

sexual arousal disorder

orgasm disorder

sexual pain disorder

67
Q

What are the DSM-5 categories of sexual dysfunction?

A

sexual interest/arousal disorders

orgasm disorders

sexual pain disorders

68
Q

What are sexual desire disorders?

A

hypoactive sexual desire disorder

sexual aversion disorder (have no positive feelings about sex)

69
Q

What are sexual arousal disorders?

A

female sexual interest/arousal disorder (not common in men)

male erectile disorder (neural damage, circulatory damage, wants an erection but can’t get one, physiologically or psychologically

orgasm disorders: female orgasmic disorder, male orgasmic disorder, premature ejaculation

70
Q

What are genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders?

A

dyspareunia: gynological, more than psychological, entry or deep

vaginismus: very painful, involuntary muscle contraction, usually psychological, treatment: CBT, dialators

71
Q

What are biological perspectives on sexual dysfunction?

A

testosterone as treatment for men and women

too much can have adverse effects

72
Q

What are the psychodynamic perspectives on sexual dysfunction?

A

castration anxiety

guilt

73
Q

What are the learning perspectives on sexual dysfunction?

A

cognitive perspectives

expectations/self-fulfilling prophecies

74
Q

What are the sociocultural factors on sexual dysfunction?

A

performance anxiety

men are taught they need to have a big penis and have lots of sex

75
Q

What are treatments for sexual dysfunction?

A

directed masturbation: for females, give them permission to gain comfort with their own body and what arousal feels like for them

sensate focus exercise: prohibited from experiencing orgasm for an amount of time, lay nude, how quality time together, go slow, enjoy sensation of being touched without sexual expectations or touching of genitals

PSYCH 239 (12 decks)

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