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PSYCH 239 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Abnormal Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key considerations when defining abnormal behavior?

A
  1. is the behavior unusual?
  2. does the behavior violate social norms?
  3. does the behavior involve a faulty interpretation of reality
  4. does the behavior cause personal distress
  5. is the behavior maladaptive?
  6. is the behavior dangerous (to the person or others)?
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2
Q

How does culture affect our perception of what is abnormal?

A

behavior considered normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal in another (e.g. depression and anxiety)

we need to consider how people in different cultures experience states of emotional distress, including depression and anxiety, rather than imposing our perspective on them

failure to recognize cultural difference in what is deemed normal and abnormal behavior can lead to inadequate and inappropriate diagnosis and treatments

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3
Q

How does context affect our perception of what is abnormal?

A

is this abnormal?

does it deviate from social norms?

that depends on where and when the behavior and attire occur

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4
Q

Why should we study abnormal behavior?

A

abnormal behavior affects virtually everyone in one way or another

abnormal behavior patterns that involve a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior are classified as psychological disorders

20% of Canadians will suffer from a psychological disorder in their lifetime

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5
Q

How common are anxiety disorders?

A

affects almost 30% of adults in their lifetime

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6
Q

How common are mood disorders?

A

affects over 20% of adults in their lifetime

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7
Q

How common are substance abuse disorders?

A

affects almost 15% of adults in their lifetime

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8
Q

How common is any disorder?

A

affects over 46% of adults in their lifetime

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9
Q

What are risk factors?

A

anything that increases the probability of an adverse outcome

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10
Q

What is a protective factor?

A

either offsets or decreases probability of adverse outcomes

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11
Q

What are the main risk factors for developing a psychological disorder?

A

age
education
childhood traumas
current stress
life events
lack of social supports
gender
physical health
genetic predisposition

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12
Q

How to multiple risk factors affect a persons probability of developing a psychological disorder?

A

exposure to multiple risk factors can have an exponential effect that dramatically increases the likelihood of adverse outcomes

exposure to just two risk factors can engender a four-fold increase in adverse outcomes

exposure to four or more risk factors can increase adverse outcomes tenfold

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13
Q

How was abnormal behavior viewed in medieval times?

A

exorcisms were performed on people deemed mentally ill

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14
Q

How was abnormal behavior viewed as witchcraft?

A

Malleus Maleficarum

demonological model (not universally held)

thought that mental illness is the cause of demons (demonic possession)

could be the fault of the person (deals with the devil)

mental illness thought of as external

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15
Q

What is trephining?

A

part of the demonological model

drilling a hole in skull to release demons from the head

implies understanding that the center of the mind is in the head

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16
Q

What was Hippocrates’ model of “ill humors”?

A

abnormal behavior the result of underlying biological processes (an excess of one liquid)

liquids: yellow bile, blood, black bile, phlegm

treatment: put them on a centrifuge which increases blood pressure in the brain

an internal model

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17
Q

What was the function of the asylums in Europe and the New World?

A

Bedlam in London UK
Hotel Dieu in Quebec, 1639

reflects the belief that there’s nothing we can do

great way to sequester or get rid of someone who was annoying you

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18
Q

What was the reform movement?

A

moral therapy

Phillippe Pinel (France), William Tuke (England), and Dorothea Dix (Canada & USA)

the perceptions of mental illness before this movement made treatments unhelpful, this movement created more moral treatment

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19
Q

Why did treatment take a step backwards in Canada?

A

mental institutions move to custodial care

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20
Q

What was the Community Mental Health Movement in Canada?

A

Canadian Mental Health Association, 1963

deinstitutionalization occurred due to patients being sedated, but they were still stigmatized so it was hard to reintegrate

pharmacology and phenothiazines, helped people calm down and become sedated

psychiatric homeless

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21
Q

What was the medical model of abnormal behavior?

A

we need to treat it like any other disease

schizophrenia is influenced by internal factors, it is a disease of the brain

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22
Q

What were the psychological models of abnormal behavior?

A

Charcot: hypnosis (don’t have to only treat it with drugs), and hysteria (conversion conditions, somatic symptom disorder)

Freud: psychodynamic model and catharsis, exchange of energy

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23
Q

What was Thomas Szasz’s idea of the “Myth of Mental Illness”?

A

only a few mental conditions are problems of the mind, others are made up by society to put people away

look at the influence society has on the individual

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24
Q

What are the biological perspectives on abnormal behavior?

A

biological perspectives (biology can contribute to mental illness) vs. the medical model (something is wrong, let’s fix it model of now things don’t work)

one can adopt a biologically oriented perspective without using the terminology of the medical model

a focus on biological factors does not require the medical model

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25
Q

What is the genome?

A

all the genetic material encoded in DNA

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26
Q

What is DNA?

A

the molecular structure of the genome comprised of four organic compounds

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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27
Q

How big is the human genome?

A

2.8 billion base pairs

20-25 thousand genes

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28
Q

What are genetic and chromosomal disorders?

A

closely associated with mental disorder

high hereditability

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29
Q

What is the epigenome?

A

study of acquired change in genetic activation

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30
Q

What are stem cells?

A

haven’t differentiated, can turn into any type of cell

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31
Q

What are the parts of the neuron?

A

soma
dendrites
axon
terminals
knobs

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32
Q

Which neurotransmitters play a role in psychological disorders?

A

excesses and deficiencies of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine have been connected with mood disorders and eating disorders

reduced levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

excessive levels of neurotransmitter dopamine appear to be involved in schizophrenia

serotonin, another neurotransmitter, is linked to anxiety disorders, mood disorders, sleep disorders, and eating disorders

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33
Q

What are psychodynamic models?

A

more general than just Freud, idea that certain branches of awareness aren’t available to us, defense mechanisms

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34
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

mental illness is an internal conflict and misuse of defense mechanisms

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35
Q

What is the structure of the mind in psychoanalytic theory?

A

unconscious: you cannot get to yourself

preconscious: not immediately in awareness but can bring to mind

conscious: occupies your mind right now

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36
Q

What is the Id?

A

babies
pleasure principle and primary process
instant gratification

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37
Q

What is the Superego?

A

morals, moral principle
strict social behavior
even at the detriment of the organism

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38
Q

What is the Ego?

A

mediate the Id and Superego
reality principle and secondary process

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39
Q

What are the five stages of psychosexual development?

A
  1. Oral Stage (oral fixation, consumer, food, alcohol, drugs, taking in everything from the environment)
  2. Anal Stage (retentive and expulsive traits, very stubborn, methodical, controlling, does not hold in their emotions)
  3. Phallic Stage (Oedipus/Electra complex, castration anxiety)
  4. Latency Stage
  5. Genital Stage
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40
Q

Who was Carl Jung?

A

analytical psychology

archetypes: reworking of id, ego and superego

collective unconscious

persona: way we express ourselves to others

anima: the embodiment of yourself in the opposite gender

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41
Q

Who was Alfred Adler?

A

inferiority complex (everyone has something they feel inferior about)

drive to superiority (drive to overcome)

creative self (allows us to strive and move forward in a productive way)

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42
Q

Who was Karen Horney?

A

feminist psychology

self theory: core of your being, your potential

womb envy: men envy women’s ability to reproduce

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43
Q

Who was Harry Stack Sullivan?

A

self-system: an individual is a collection of self-perceptions

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44
Q

Who was Heinz Hartmann?

A

ego psychology: self, adapt to environment

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45
Q

Who was Erik Erikson?

A

psychosocial development

8 stages of development

socialization

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46
Q

Who was Margaret Mahler?

A

object reactions theory: mental images of other people

introjection: to internalize, incorporate into sense of self

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47
Q

What are the responses and stimuluses involved in classical conditioning?

A

conditioned response (CR)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
unconditioned response (UR)

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48
Q

What is social cognitive theory?

A

Albert Bandura

modelling (don’t need to be direct subject of conditioning trials)

expectancy (we don’t need to restrict our discussion to just behavior)

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49
Q

What are the humanistic-existential models?

A

we will inherently behave in a healthy way

Carl Rodgers: self actualization

Abraham Maslow: hierarchy of needs (similar to Freud in a way)

living authentically, to achieve self actualization we impose conditions of worth that conflict this self-actualization,

in theory: unconditional positive approval (demonstrate you respect them to create a good environment)

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50
Q

Who is Carl Rodgers?

A

conditional (versus unconditional) positive regard

conditions of worth

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51
Q

Who is Les Greenberg?

A

emotional intelligence

understand emotions and feelings are there for a reason

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52
Q

What are the cognitive perspectives on abnormal psychology?

A

information processing approaches

interpretive biases

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53
Q

Who was Albert Ellis?

A

argumentative

social or personal expectations cause problems

activating events –> beliefs –> consequences

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54
Q

Who was Aaron Beck?

A

collaborative imperialism

unification between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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55
Q

What are cognitive distortions?

A

selective abstraction
overgeneralization
magnification
absolutist thinking

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56
Q

Who was Donald Meichenbaum?

A

cognitive-behavioral modification

towards behavior side rather than cognitive

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57
Q

What is the sociocultural perspective on abnormal behavior?

A

must consider the impact of social and cultural factors, such as ethnicity, gender and social roles, and poverty

functional family theory: their dynamic in the household affects them

sociocultural theorists seek causes of abnormal behavior that may reside in the failures of society rather than in the person

downward drift hypothesis: are they mentally ill because of their situation or in their situation because they are mentally ill

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58
Q

What is the interactionist perspective on abnormal behavior?

A

no one theoretical perspective can account for the complex forms of abnormal behavior

many theorists today adopt an interactionist perspective

the belief that we need to take into account the interaction of multiple factors representing biological, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental domains in order to explain abnormal behavior

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59
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

dynamic interplay of three major systems or domains

two internal systems: biological, psychological

one external system: sociocultural and environmental factors

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60
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A

person with graduate training in psychology who specializes in abnormal behavior, he or she must be registered and licensed with a provincial psychological regulatory body in order to provide psychological services in that province

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61
Q

Psychiatrist

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

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62
Q

Psychological Disorders

A

disturbances of psychological functioning or behavior associated with states of personal distress or impaired social, occupational, or interpersonal functioning, also called mental disorders

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63
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

branch of psychology that deals with the description, causes and treatment of abnormal behavior patterns

64
Q

Medical Model

A

biological perspective in which abnormal behavior is viewed as symptomatic of underlying illness

65
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus and that are confused with reality

66
Q

Paranoid

A

having irrational suspicions

67
Q

Delusions

A

firmly held but inaccurate beliefs that persist despite evidence they have no basis in reality

68
Q

Ideas of Persecution

A

a form of delusional thinking characterized by false beliefs that one is being persecuted or victimized by others

69
Q

Agoraphobia

A

a fear of places and situations from which it might be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of panicky symptoms or of situations in which help may be unavailable if such problems occur

70
Q

Worldview

A

prevailing view of the times

71
Q

Possession

A

in demonology, a type of superstitious belief in which abnormal behavior is taken as a sign that the individual has become possessed by demons or the devil, usually as a form of retribution or the result of making a pact with the devil

72
Q

Trephining

A

harsh prehistoric practice of cutting a hole in a person’s skull, possibly as an ancient form of surgery for brain trauma, or possibly as a means of releasing the demons prehistoric people believed caused abnormal behavior in the afflicted individuals

73
Q

Demonological Model

A

the model that explains abnormal behavior in terms of supernatural forces

74
Q

Humors

A

four fluids in the body (phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile)

Hippocrates believed the health of the body and mind depended on their balance

75
Q

Phlegmatic

A

slow and stolid

76
Q

Melancholia

A

state of severe depression

77
Q

Sanguine

A

cheerful

78
Q

Choleric

A

having or showing bad temper

79
Q

Exorcism

A

ritual intended to expel demons or evil spirits from a person believed to be possessed

80
Q

Moral Therapy

A

a 19th century treatment philosophy emphasizing that hospitalized mental patients should be treated with care and understanding in a pleasant environment, not shackled in chains

81
Q

Phenothiazines

A

group of antipsychotic drugs or “major tranquilizers” used in the treatment of schizophrenia

82
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

practice of discharging large numbers of hospitalized mental patients to the community and reducing the need for new admissions through the development of alternative treatment approaches such as halfway houses and crisis intervention services

83
Q

Dementia Praecox

A

term used by Emil Kraepelin to describe the disorder we now call schizophrenia

84
Q

General Paresis

A

degenerative brain disorder that occurs during the final stage of syphilis

85
Q

Hypnosis

A

trance-like state, induced by suggestion, in which one is generally passive and responsive to the commands of the hypnotist

86
Q

Hysteria

A

former term for conversion disorder

87
Q

Psychodynamic Model

A

theoretical model of Freud and his followers in which behavior is viewed as the product of clashing forces within the personality

88
Q

Genetics

A

science of heredity

89
Q

Genes

A

units found on chromosomes that carry heredity

90
Q

Polygenetic

A

traits or characteristics that are determined by more than one gene

91
Q

Chromosomes

A

structures found in the nuclei of cells that carry the units of heredity, or genes

92
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid is a double-stranded complex molecule of helical structure that contains the genetic instructions for building and maintaining living organisms

93
Q

Genotype

A

the set of traits specified by our genetic code

94
Q

Phenotype

A

representation of the total array of traits of an organism, as influenced by the interaction of nature (genetic factors) and nurture (environmental factors)

95
Q

Proteins

A

organic compounds consisting of amino acids the perform most life functions and make up the majority of cellular structures

96
Q

Epigenome

A

the sum total of inherited and acquired molecular variations to the genome that lead to changes in gene regulation without changing the DNA sequence of the genome itself

97
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of heritable and acquired changes in gene regulation (phenotype) that occur without affecting DNA sequence (genotype)

98
Q

Gene Expression

A

the process by which a gene sequence becomes activated (“turned on”) and is translated into the proteins that determine the structure and functions of body cells

99
Q

Gene Silencing

A

the process of preventing or suppressing (“switching off”) a gene sequence from being translated into proteins

100
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

101
Q

Soma

A

cell body

102
Q

Dendrites

A

root-like structures at the end of a neuron that receive nerve impulses from other neurons

103
Q

Axon

A

long, thin part of a neuron long which nervous impulses travel

104
Q

Terminals

A

the small branching structures found at the tips of axons

105
Q

Knobs

A

swelling ending of axon terminals

106
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that serve as a type of messenger by transmitting neural impulses from one neuron to another

107
Q

Synapse

A

junction between the terminal knob of one neuron and the dendrite or soma of another through which nerve impulses pass

108
Q

Receptor Site

A

part of a dendrite on the receiving neuron that is structured to receive a neurotransmitter

109
Q

Norepinephrine

A

type of neurotransmitter of the catecholamine class

110
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

progressive brain disease characterized by gradual loss of memory and intellectual functioning, personality changes, and eventual loss of ability to care for oneself

111
Q

Acetylcholine

A

type of neurotransmitter involved in the control of muscle contractions

112
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter of the catecholamine class that is believed to play a role in schizophrenia

113
Q

Serotonin

A

type of neurotransmitter, imbalances of which have been linked to depressive and bipolar disorders and anxiety

114
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

theoretical model of personality developed by Freud, also called psychoanalysis

115
Q

Conscious

A

in psychodynamic theory, the part of the mind that corresponds to our present awareness

116
Q

Preconscious

A

in psychodynamic theory, descriptive material that lies outside of present awareness but can be brought to awareness by focusing attention

117
Q

Unconsious

A

in psychodynamic theory, pertaining to impulses or ideas that are not readily available to awareness, in many instances because they are kept from awareness by means of repression

also in psychodynamic theory, the part of the mind that contains repressed material and primitive urges of the Id

more generally, a state of unawareness or loss of consciousness

118
Q

Structural Hypothesis

A

in Freud’s theory, the belief that the clashing forces within the personality could be divided into three psychic structures; the id, the ego, and the superego

119
Q

Psychic

A

relating to mental phenomena

a person who claims to be sensitive to supernatural forces

120
Q

Id

A

in psychodynamic theory, the unconscious psychic structure present at birth, the Id contains instinctual drives and is governed by the pleasure principle

121
Q

Pleasure Principle

A

in psychodynamic theory, the governing principle of the Id, involving the demands for immediate gratification of instinctual needs

122
Q

Primary Process Thinking

A

in psychodynamic theory, the mental process in infancy by which Id seeks gratification of primitive impulses by means of imagining it possesses what it desires, thinking that is illogical and magical and fails to discriminate between reality and fantasy

123
Q

Ego

A

in psychodynamic theory, the psychic structure corresponding to the concept of self, the ego is governed by the reality principle and is responsible for finding socially acceptable outlets for the urges of the id, the Ego is characterized by the capacity to tolerate frustration and delay gratification

124
Q

Reality Principle

A

in psychodynamic theory, the governing principle of the ego that involves consideration of what is socially acceptable and practical in gratifying needs

125
Q

Secondary Process Thinking

A

in psychodynamic theory, the reality-based thinking processes and problem-solving activities of the ego

126
Q

Self

A

center of consciousness that organizes sensory impressions and governs one’s perceptions of the world, the sum total of a person’s thoughts, sensory impressions, and feelings

127
Q

Superego

A

in psychodynamic theory, the psychic structure that represents the incorporation of the moral values of parents and important others and floods the ego and guilt and shame when it falls short of meeting those standards

the superego is governed by the moral principle and consists of two parts: the conscience and the ego ideal

128
Q

Identification

A

in psychodynamic theory, the process of incorporating the personality or behavior of others

in social learning theory, a process of imitation by which children acquire behaviors similar to those of role models

129
Q

Moral Principle

A

in psychodynamic theory, the principle that governs the superego to set moral standards and enforce adherence to them

130
Q

Ego Ideal

A

in Freud’s view, the configuration of higher social values and moral ideas embodied in the superego

131
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

in psychodynamic theory, the reality-distorting strategies used by the ego to shield itself from conscious awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling material

132
Q

Repression

A

in psychodynamic theory, a type of defense mechanism involving the ejection from awareness of anxiety-provoking ideas, images, or impulses without the conscious awareness that one has done so

133
Q

Psychosis

A

a severe form of disturbed behavior in which people show impaired reality and difficulties in meeting the demands of daily life, schizophrenia is a prominent example of a psychotic disorder

134
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

term used to describe the “second generation” of theorists who followed in the Freudian tradition

on the whole, Neo-Freudians (such as Jung, Adler, Horney, and Sullivan) placed greater emphasis on the importance of cultural and social influences on behavior and lesser importance on sexual impulses and the functioning of the Id

135
Q

Behaviorism

A

school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable or overt behavior and focuses on investigating the relationships between stimuli and responses

136
Q

Conditioned Response

A

in classical conditioning, a learned or acquired response to a previously neutral stimulus

a response to a conditioned stimulus

137
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits an instinctive or unlearned response from an organism

138
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

unlearned response pr a response to an unconditioned stimulus

139
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

previously neutral stimulus that comes to evoke a conditioned response following repeated pairings with a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that had already evoked that response

140
Q

Reinforcement

A

stimulus that increases the frequency of the response it follows

141
Q

Positive Reinforcers

A

types of reinforcers that increase the frequency of a behavior, food, and social approval are generally (but not always) positive reinforcer

142
Q

Negative Reinforcers

A

reinforcers whose removal increases the frequency of an operant behavior, anxiety, pain, and social disapproval often function as negative reinforcers; that is, their removal tends to increase the rate of the immediately proceeding behavior

143
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

natural reinforcers or stimuli that have reinforcement value without learning, ex. water, food, warmth and relief from pain

144
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

stimuli that gain reinforcement value through their association with established reinforcers (ex. money and social approval)

145
Q

Punishment

A

unpleasant stimuli that suppress the frequency of the behaviors they follow

146
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

a learning-based model of therapy

147
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

involves the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions

148
Q

Catastrophize

A

to exaggerate or magnify the negative consequences of events; to “blow things out of proportion”

149
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory

A

a broader view of learning theory that emphasizes both situational determinants o behavior (reinforcements and punishments) and cognitive factors (experiences, values, attitudes, beliefs, etc.)

150
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

the ongoing process of two-way interactions among personal factors (cognitive abilities as well as affective and biological characteristics), behaviors and emotional factors

151
Q

Expectancies

A

in social-cognitive theory, a personal variable describing people’s predictions of future outcomes

152
Q

Downward Drift Hypothesis

A

the belief that people with psychological problems may drift downward in socioeconomic status

153
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

model of abnormal behavior positing that abnormal behavior patterns, such as schizophrenia, involve the interaction of genetic and environmental influences

a genetic or acquired predisposition (diathesis) increases an individual’s vulnerability to developing the disorder in response to stressful life circumstances

if the level of stress is kept under the person’s particular threshold, the disorder may never develop, even among people with the predisposition

154
Q

Diathesis

A

a predisposition or vulnerability

155
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

a conceptual model emphasizing that human behavior is linked to complex interactions among biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

PSYCH 239 (12 decks)

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