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PSYCH 239 > Chapter 6: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality Disorders

A

types of enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture

are pervasive and inflexible, and leads to distress or impairment

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2
Q

Ego Syntonic

A

behavior or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self

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3
Q

Ego Dystonic

A

behavior or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self-identity

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4
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by persistent distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others

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5
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

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6
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive, or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

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7
Q

Ideas of Reference

A

form of delusional thinking in which a person reads personal meaning into the behavior of others or external events that are completely independent of the person

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8
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

A

type of personality disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

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9
Q

Psychopathy

A

type of personality pattern characterized by affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, combined with persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle and impulsiveness

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10
Q

What are the factors associated with antisocial personality disorder?

A

lack of emotional responsiveness

the craving-for-stimulation-model

lack of restraint on impulsivity

limbic abnormalities

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11
Q

Optimum Level of Arousal

A

level of arousal associated with peak performance and maximum feelings of well-being

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12
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A

type of personality disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects and marked impulsivity

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13
Q

Splitting

A

term describing the inability of some people (especially people with borderline personalities) to reconcile the positive and negative aspects of themselves and others into a cohesive integration, resulting in sudden and radical shifts between strongly positive and strongly negative feelings

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14
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by excessive need to be the center of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from others, such individuals often appear overly dramatic and emotional in their behavior

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15
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

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16
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection

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17
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behavior

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18
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

type of personality disorder characterized by rigid ways of relating to others, perfectionistic tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details

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19
Q

Self Psychology

A

Heinz Kohut’s theory that describes processes that normally lead to the achievement of a cohesive sense of self or, in narcissistic personality disorder, to a grandiose but fragile sense of self

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20
Q

Symbiotic

A

(1) in biology, the living together of two different but interdependent organisms

(2) in Margaret Mahler’s object-relations theory, the term used to describe the state of oneness that normally exists between a mother and an infant in which the infant’s identity is fused with the mother’s

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21
Q

Separation-Individuation

A

in Margaret Mahler’s theory, the process by which young children come to separate psychologically from their mothers and to perceive themselves as separate and distinct persons

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22
Q

Problem-Solving Theory

A

form of therapy that focuses on helping people develop more effective problem solving skills

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23
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

all of us have particular styles of behavior and ways of relating to others

when these behavior patterns become so inflexible or maladaptive that they cause significant personal distress or impair functioning in the social or occupational realms, their behavior pattern may be diagnosed as a personality disorder

types of abnormal behavior patterns involving excessively rigid patterns of behavior or ways of relating to others that ultimately become self-defeating because their rigidity prevents adjustment to external demands

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24
Q

What are ego syntonic personality disorders?

A

behavior or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self

don’t care about other people’s negative reactions

largely agreeable or invisible to the person who has PD

most PDs

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25
Q

What are ego dystonic personality disorders?

A

behavior or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self-identity

uncomfortable as a result

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26
Q

In what areas are the symptoms of personality disorder manifested in?

A
  1. cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)
  2. affectivity (i.e. the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response)
  3. interpersonal functioning
  4. impulse control
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27
Q

What is the general DSM-5 criteria for personality disorders?

A

inflexible and pervasive

significant distress or impairment

stable and of long duration

not better accounted for as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder

not due to the effects of a substance

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of cluster A personality disorders?

A

odd, eccentric behavior “Mad”

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of cluster B personality disorders?

A

dramatic, emotional, impulsive, “bad”

borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of cluster C personality disorders?

A

anxious, fearful, avoidant, “sad”

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

31
Q

What is paranoid personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the motives of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions

32
Q

What are the core features of paranoid personality disorder?

A

suspiciousness without due cause

preoccupations with unfounded concerns over lack of loyalty of friends, spouse, and family

emotionally closed, reluctant to confide or “open up”

interpretive bias that promotes perception of innocuous content as threatening

grudging

33
Q

What is schizoid personality disorders?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by a persistent lack of interest in social relationships, flattened affect, and social withdrawal

rarely express emotions and are distinct and aloof

but emotions of people with schizoid personalities are not as shallow or blunted as they are in people with schizophrenia

don’t have the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

34
Q

What are the core features of schizoid personality disorders?

A

no interest in, or enjoyment of, close relationships

chronic loner

no interest in sex

seldom participates in recreational activities

unaffected by praise or criticism

emotionally cold, detached, flat

35
Q

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by eccentricities of oddities of thought and behavior but without clearly psychotic features

similar to schizophrenia in many respects but without the profound impairment in reality testing

abundance of positive symptoms

36
Q

What are the core features of schizotypal personality disorder?

A

ideas of reference

odd beliefs or magical thinking (not just superstitions)

off perceptual experiences

peculiar thinking and speech

suspicious/paranoid

social isolation (other than family)

persistent social anxiety

37
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of antisocial and irresponsible behavior and lack of remorse

38
Q

What are the core features of antisocial personality disorder?

A

failure to conform to social and legal norms

lying/conning

impulsivity and short sightedness in planning

irritability/aggressiveness, fighting

recklessness with self and others

irresponsibility

lack of remorse

note: MUST be 18 and have shown signs of conduct disorder before 15 years of age

39
Q

What is psychopathy?

A

an extreme case of ASPD

type of personality pattern characterized by affective and interpersonal traits, such as shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation-seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, combined with persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle, and impulsiveness

not all criminals show signs of psychopathy, and not all ASPD patients are psychopaths either

40
Q

What is the psychopathy checklist?

A

describes behavior

score of 0 is not there, 1 is moderate, 2 is severe

cut off score is 30, normal score is 6

factor I: inter-personal/affective (lies, doesn’t care)
factor II: criminal behaviors (have they had charges in more than one type of crime), the manifestation of antisocial behaviors

41
Q

What is the controversy surrounding the notion of a successful psychopath?

A

must distinguish between Factor I and Factor II PCL-R features

appreciate that one can have strong (Factor I) features without being a psychopath

may be nominally law-abiding and successful in their chosen occupations, but still show callous disregard for the interests and feelings of others

42
Q

What is the relationship between race and ASPD?

A

antisocial personality disorder cuts across all racial and ethnic groups

researchers find no evidence of ethnic or racial differences in the rates of the disorder

43
Q

What are the psychophysiological and biological factors that are related to antisocial personality and psychopathy?

A

lack of emotional responsiveness

the craving-for-stimulation model

lack of restraint on impulsivity

limbic abnormalities

aren’t born with a natural sense of right and wrong

psychopaths do not profit from experience (no learning)

brain regions (orbita-prefrontal cortex) aren’t as active in psychopathy

have and IQ that is 2/3 standard deviations lower than average

44
Q

What is borderline personality disorder?

A

primarily characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses

people with BPD tend to be uncertain about their values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends, and perhaps even sexual orientations

45
Q

What are the three dialectical dilemmas associated with borderline personality disorder?

A

emotional vulnerability versus self-invalidation

active passivity versus apparent competence

unrelenting crisis versus inhibited grieving

46
Q

What are the core features of borderline personality disorder?

A

works frantically avoid abandonment

intense and unstable relationships, view of others fluctuates between extremes

unstable self-image/self-concept

marked impulsivity

recurrent parasuicidal/self-harming behavior/threats

affective instability

feeling constantly empty

intense, frequently unwarranted, anger and difficulty controlling it

may show dissociative or paranoid symptoms

47
Q

What is histrionic personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by excessive need to be the center of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from other

such persons often appear overly dramatic and emotional in their behavior

48
Q

What are the core features of histrionic personality disorder?

A

resents attention being directed to others

often seductive or provocative (just to prove they have the ability to draw people in)

emotionally shallow/variable

uses physical appearance (including mode of dress) to attract attention

rehearsed way of speaking with limited substance

dramatic, theatrical, emotionally flamboyant

highly suggestible

considers self to be “close friends: of mere acquaintances

49
Q

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by the adoption of an inflated self-image and demands for constant attention and admiration, among other features

50
Q

What are the two main divisions of narcissistic personality disorder?

A

primary: genuinely believes they are special

compensatory: deep seeded sense of inadequacy covered up by narcissism

51
Q

What are the core features of narcissistic personality disorder?

A

inflated sense of self-worth/self-importance

fantasizes about great power, wealth, desirability, success, etc.

feels special, entitled, above others, complex

demands admiration

exploitative of others

insensitive to the needs and feelings of others

arrogant, haughty

envious of others and resentful of their achievements, but may also think others envy them

52
Q

What is avoidant personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection

53
Q

What are the core features of avoidant personality disorder?

A

looks in some respects like schizoid PD, but the person really wants to have close relationships

hindered by strong fear of rejection or social inadequacy

avoids activities (including jobs) that require social contact

reluctant to take chances socially, deep sense of inadequacy

“up tight” (inhibited), even in established relationships

chronically fearful of criticism

sees self as socially inept and inferior

mortified by the prospect of embarrassment

54
Q

What is dependent personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by difficulties making independent decisions and by overly dependent behavior

55
Q

What are the core features of dependent personality disorder?

A

can’t make decisions for themselves without seeking advice and reassurance

wants other to be responsible for them

avoids expressing dissent

lacks confidence in planning and initiating projects and activities

craves nurturance and support

feels vulnerable when alone

quickly finds a new relationship when another one ends

pre-occupied by fears of being alone

56
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A

type of personality disorder characterized by rigid ways of relating to others, perfectionistic tendencies, lack of spontaneity, and excessive attention to details

57
Q

What are the core features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A

highly concerned with rules, lists, details, procedures, etc.

interferes with completion of tasks

cannot complete task for fear that work is imperfect

neglects leisure and personal life to spend more time on work

inflexibly conscientious, moral, ethical

prone to hoarding as they hate to throw things out

doesn’t delegate well

miserly (very cheap)

stubborn and rigid with others

sometimes referred to as “anal retentive”

58
Q

What are the problems with the classification of personality disorders?

A

undetermined reliability and validity

problems distinguishing from other types of disorders

overlap among disorders

difficulty in distinguishing between variations in normal and abnormal behavior

sexist biases

59
Q

What are the proposed changes to the classification of personality disorders in the DSM-5?

A

reduction in diagnostic overlap

less arbitrary diagnostic threshold

movement from a categorical to dimensional conceptualization

recognition that symptom severity can fluctuate over time

alternatively, movement to a dimensional (trait) model

60
Q

What are the areas of difficulty associated with personality disorders?

A

identity

self-direction

empathy

intimacy

61
Q

What are the domains of personality associated with personality disorders?

A

negative affectivity (vs emotional stability)

detachment (vs extraversion)

antagonism (vs agreeableness)

disinhibition (vs conscientiousness)

psychoticism (vs lucidity)

62
Q

What are the 6 personality disorders proposed for a future version of the DSM?

A

antisocial/psychopathic

avoidant

borderline

narcissistic

obsessive-compulsive

schizotypal

63
Q

What are the psychodynamic perspectives on personality disorders?

A

Heinz Kohut: self psychology, mostly on narcissistic personality, lack of empathy development

Otto Kernberg: mostly re BPD, splitting, all good vs. all bad

Margaret Mahler: also emphasized BPD, symbiotic, separation-individuation

64
Q

What are the learning perspectives on personality disorders?

A

reinforcement history

our personality is shaped by what behaviors were reinforced by our parents

65
Q

What are the family perspectives on personality disorders?

A

parenting styles and personality

66
Q

What are the cognitive-behavioral perspectives on personality disorders?

A

problem-solving therapy

teach practical problems solving skills

67
Q

What are the biological perspectives on personality disorders?

A

genetic factors, twin studies

neuropsychological factors

68
Q

What are the sociocultural views on personality disorders?

A

SES, trauma, parenting style, cultural norms

69
Q

What is the treatment of personality disorders?

A

these conditions are highly refractory (don’t want to change after treatment, ingrained)

difficult for the patient to see, therefore limited insight

inherent stability of personality

treatment is different for various PDs

“stepped care” model

70
Q

What are the psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of personality disorders?

A

insight re historical bias

insight re how their interpersonal conduct undermines relationships

minimally helpful

71
Q

What are the cognitive behavioral approaches on personality disorders?

A

conceptual personality as persistent behavior patterns established and maintained by Rf contingencies

general strategy is to utilize modeling, Rf, and extinction to replace maladaptive behaviors

can utilize social skills training, identification of distorted beliefs, coaching family members

72
Q

What are the biological approaches on personality disorders?

A

limited contribution

impulsiveness and low affect may reflect serotonin deficiencies, therefore try SSRIs

73
Q

What is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?

A

developed primarily for BPD

BPD patients habitually “test” relationships: frequent crises, unscheduled phone calls, suicide threats/attempts, “splitting” professional teams and social groups, caregiver “burnout”

mindfulness techniques

distress tolerance

emotion regulation strategies

interpersonal effectiveness

usually team-delivered two full days/week

PSYCH 239 (12 decks)

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