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PSYCH 239 > Chapter 3: Anxiety and Related Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Anxiety and Related Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Panic Disorder

A

type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of panic

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2
Q

Anxiety

A

type of psychological disorder in which anxiety is the prominent feature

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3
Q

Prevalence

A

overall number of cases of a disorder existing in a population during a given period of time

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4
Q

Etiology

A

cause of origin; the study of causality

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5
Q

Agoraphobia

A

a fear of places and situation from which it might be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of panicky symptoms or of situations in which help may be unavailable if such problems occur

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6
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

type of anxiety disorder characterized by general feelings of dread, foreboding, and heightened states of sympathetic arousal, formerly referred to as free-floating anxiety

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7
Q

Fear

A

unpleasant, negative emotion characterized by the perception of a specific threat, sympathetic nervous system activity, and tendencies to avoid the feared object

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8
Q

Specific Phobias

A

persistent but excessive fears of a specific object or situation, such as a fear of heights or of small animals

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9
Q

Acrophobia

A

excessive fear of heights

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10
Q

Claustrophobia

A

excessive fear of small, enclosed places

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11
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

excessive fear of engaging in behaviors that involve public scrutiny

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12
Q

Obsession

A

an intrusive, unwanted, and recurrent thought, image, or urge that seems beyond a person’s ability to control

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13
Q

Compulsion

A

a repetitive behavior or mental act that a person feels compelled or driven to perform

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14
Q

Adjustment Disorders

A

maladaptive reactions to an identified stressor or stressors that occur shortly following exposure to the stressor(s) and result in impaired functioning or signs of emotional distress that exceed what would normally expected in the situation

the reaction may be resolved if the stressor is removed or the individual learns to adapt to it successfully

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15
Q

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

A

traumatic stress reaction occurring in the days and weeks following exposure to a traumatic event

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16
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

disorder involving impaired functioning following exposure to a traumatic experience

in which the person experiences, for at least one month, such problems as reliving or re-experiencing the trauma, intense fear, avoidance of event-related stimuli, generalized numbing of emotional responsiveness, and heightened autonomic arousal

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17
Q

Dissociation

A

feelings of detachment from oneself or one’s environment

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18
Q

Projection

A

in psychodynamic theory, a defense mechanism in which one’s own impulses are attributed to another person

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19
Q

Two-Factor Model

A

O. Hobart Mowrer’s theory that both operant and classical conditioning are involved in the acquisition of phobic responses

the fear component f phobia is acquired by means of conditioning (pairing of a previously neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus), and the avoidance component is acquired by means of operant conditioning (relief from anxiety negatively reinforces avoidant behavior)

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20
Q

Prepared Conditioning

A

belief that people are genetically prepared to acquire fear responses to certain classes of stimuli, such as fears of large animals, snakes, heights, or strangers

although the development of such phobias may have had survival value for prehistoric ancestors, such behavior patterns may be less functional today

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21
Q

Anxiety Sensitivity

A

a “fear of fear”, or fear that one’s emotions or states of bodily arousal will get out of control and lead to harmful consequences

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22
Q

Neuroticism

A

trait describing a general neurotic quality involving such characteristics as anxious, worrisome behavior, apprehension about the future, and avoidance behavior

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23
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter believed to play a role in regulating anxiety

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24
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

class of minor tranquilizers that includes Valium and Ativan

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25
Q

Fear-Stimulus Hierarchy

A

ordered series of increasingly fearful stimulus, used in the behavioral techniques of systematic desensitization and gradual exposure

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26
Q

Flooding

A

type of exposure therapy in which subjects are exposed to intensely anxiety-provoking situations

27
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A

cognitive therapy method that involves replacing irrational or self-defeating thoughts and attitudes with rational alternatives

28
Q

What is anxiety?

A

anxiety is a general state of apprehension or foreboding

adaptive when it prompts us to seek medical attention, to study for an upcoming tests or avoid a dangerous situation

maladaptive when the level of anxiety is out of proportion to the level of threat or when it occurs out of the blue, not in response to environmental changes

common: most people experience it in varying degrees

29
Q

What are the major types of anxiety disorders?

A

panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia)

agoraphobia without history of panic disorder

specific phobia

social phobia

generalized anxiety disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

acute stress disorder

anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition

substance-induced anxiety disorder

30
Q

What is the DSM criteria of a panic attack?

A

a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four (or more) of the list of symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak with 10 minutes

31
Q

What are the symptoms of a panic attack that are listed in the DSM?

A
  1. palpitation, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
  2. sweating
  3. trembling or shaking
  4. sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
  5. feelings of choking
  6. chest pain or discomfort
  7. nausea or abdominal distress
  8. feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
  9. derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)
  10. fear of losing control or going crazy
  11. fear of dying
  12. paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensations)
  13. chills or hot flushes
32
Q

What is the DSM criteria for the panic disorder?

A

recurrent unexpected panic attacks

at least one of the attacks has been followed by one month (or more) of one (or more) of the following:
- persistent concern about having additional attacks
- worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences (e.g. losing control, having a heart attack, “going crazy”)
- a significant change in behavior related to the attacks

the panic attacks are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g. hyperthyroidism)

the panic attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder

1-5% prevalence (lifetime): we are very likely to treat them

anxiety sensitivity: if they are so focused on it, they set themselves up for more panic attacks

33
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

agoraphobia (fear of the market place) accompanies panic attacks in a large minority of cases (30-50%; other writers report up to 75%)

when it does, it is usually fear of having another panic attack that is most impairing

makes treatment less likely unless patient gets strong support to attend, or physiologist makes house calls

even without agoraphobia, panic disordered patients are often reluctant to discuss their episodes for fear of triggering another attack

34
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by general feelings of dread, foreboding, and heightened states of sympathetic arousal

not linked to any one particular fear or trigger

formerly referred to as free-floating anxiety

35
Q

What is the DSM criteria for generalized anxiety disorder?

A

at least 6 months of “excessive anxiety and worry” about a variety of events and situations, generally “excessive” can be interpreted as more than would be expected for a particular situation or event

most people become anxious over certain things, but the intensity of the anxiety typically corresponds to the situation

there is significant difficulty in controlling the anxiety and worry, if someone has a very difficult struggle to regain control, relax, or cope with the anxiety and worry, then this requirement is met (telling them not to worry is unlikely to be enough)

36
Q

What are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder listed in the DSM?

A
  1. feeling wound-up, tense, or restless
  2. easily becoming fatigued or worn-out
  3. concentration problems
  4. irritability
  5. significant tension in muscles
  6. difficulty with sleep
37
Q

What are some common types of phobic disorders?

A

specific phobia (claustrophobia)
social phobia
agoraphobia

38
Q

What are the five subtypes of phobias?

A

animal type
natural environment type
blood-infection-injury type
situational type
other types (e.g. phobias of choking or contracting an illness)

39
Q

What specific phobias are more commonly present at different ages?

A

young children: animals
teenagers: social
adults: agoraphobia or claustrophobia

40
Q

What are the physical features of anxiety disorders?

A

jumpiness, jitters, increased perspiration and heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea

41
Q

What are the behavioral features of anxiety disorders?

A

include the need to escape or avoid a situation, agitation, clinginess, need for reassurance

42
Q

What are the cognitive features of anxiety disorders?

A

include excessive and prolonged worrying, overly aware of bodily sensations, jumbled thoughts, nagging thoughts

43
Q

What is the DSM criteria for specific phobias?

A

marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (e.g. flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood)

exposure to the phobic stimulus almost invariably provokes an immediate anxiety response, which may take the form of a situationally bound or situationally pre-disposed panic attack

the person recognizes that the fear is excessive and unreasonable

the phobic situation is avoided or is endured with intense anxiety or distress

the avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress in the feared situation(s) interferes significantly with a person’s routine, occupational (or academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships or there is a marked distress about having the phobia

in individuals under the age of 18 years the duration is at least 6 months

44
Q

What is an obsession?

A

an intrusive unwanted, and recurrent thought, image, or urge that seems beyond a person’s ability to control

can’t stop thinking about it, it’s a symptom

45
Q

What is a compulsion?

A

a repetitive behavior or mental act that a person field compelled or driven to perform

this is a sign of OCD, anxious if they don’t engage in the behavior

46
Q

What is acute stress disorder (ASD)?

A

a traumatic stress reaction occurring in the days and weeks following exposure to a traumatic event

47
Q

What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A

a prolonged reaction to a traumatic event that threatened death or serious injury to one’s own or another’s physical safety

48
Q

What are the features of traumatic stress reactions?

A

extreme anxiety or dissociation (feelings of detachment from one’s self or one’s environment)

intrusive memories and flashbacks (chronic re-experiencing, extremely vivid, may feel like they’re back in the situation)

heightened arousal or vigilance

difficulty concentrating

49
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective on anxiety disorders?

A

anxiety is a warning eign that some unconscious conflict is approaching consciousness

projection: anxiety is brought about by the perception that some external threat is posed by someone or something else

anxiety likely to be more specific in focus

displacement: anxiety more likely to be generalized

50
Q

What is the learning perspectives on anxiety disorders?

A

two-factor model

prepared conditioning: the reason we seem to develop phobias to some things more readily than others (a diathesis)

superstition

51
Q

What is an example of the two factor model of anxiety?

A

man is on street (CS) barely escapes being run down (US) –> fear reaction (UR)

subsequently experiences fear upon walking roadside (CR)

road (Sd): walks away (R) –> fear reduction (Rf)

subsequently he finds he can minimize anxiety/fear symptoms by avoiding roadways

52
Q

What is the cognitive perspective on anxiety disorders?

A

self-defeating or irrational beliefs

oversensitivity to threat (perceive people on the street as threats, paranoia)

anxiety sensitivity (internal thoughts of how they’re feeling)

misattributions for panic attacks (scared of inducing panic attacks, so avoid things they believe will trigger it, SSRIs might make it worse)

53
Q

What is the biological perspective on anxiety disorders?

A

genetic factors: higher concordance rates MZ twins (high concordance), neuroticism (scale of stability to instability, this trait is really what’s being inherited)

neurotransmitters: GABA (inhibitory), Benzodiazepines

biological aspects of panic disorder: hyperventilation (can bring about panic-like symptoms)

biological aspects of OCD

54
Q

What are the social-environmental factors of anxiety disorders?

A

threatening or traumatic events
observing fear responses in others
challenging demands in new situations
cultural factors leading to socialization in passive or dependent roles
lack of social support

55
Q

What are the behavioral factors of anxiety disorders?

A

conditioning experiences
lack of extinction opportunities

56
Q

What are the emotional and cognitive factors of anxiety disorders?

A

unresolved psychological conflicts (Freudian or psychodynamic)

cognitive factors (anxiety sensitivity, self-defeating or irrational thinking, catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily cues, oversensitivity to threats, low self-efficacy)

57
Q

What are the biological factors of anxiety disorders?

A

genetic predisposition

disturbances in neurotransmitter activity or suffocation alarm system

abnormalities in brain circuits involved in signaling danger or inhibiting repetitive behaviors

58
Q

What are psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

free association and psychoanalysis to resolve the deeper conflict

phobic objects are symbolic of those conflicts

59
Q

What are humanistic approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

unconditional positive regard allows integration of inauthentic social presentation with authentic self

60
Q

What are biological approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

antidepressants (SSRIs and SNRIs)

less likely to have enduring benefit than CBT

61
Q

What are cognitive approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

irrational beliefs, bolstering self-efficacy, individual meaning, regular “worry periods”

62
Q

What are learning-based approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

combine with relaxation training

best approaches combine exposure with response prevention

63
Q

What is virtual reality research?

A

for combat vets with PTSD

the system contains eye-tracking software to study a person’s response when exposed to a virtual combat environment

PSYCH 239 (12 decks)

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