Chapter 9-Gas exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gas exchange system

A

the physiological process by which oxygen is taken in from the environment and exchanged for the waste gas CO2 through respiratory surfaces

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2
Q

LARYNX:

A

Its the air passageway and produces the voice
-they prevent intake from entering the respiratory system

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3
Q

TRACHEA:

A

It connects the larynx to the bronchi to the lungs
it conducts air to and from the bronchi

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4
Q

BRONCHI

A

These are 2 branches from the trachea
-they direct air to the trachea
-they contain bronchioles

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5
Q

BRONCHIOLES

A

-These are narrower passageways that are able to conduct air to the alveoli from the bronchi and vice versa

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6
Q

ALVEOLI:

A

These are microscopic chambers and is the site for gas exchange and are thin surfaces and have a good supply to capillaries

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7
Q

CARTILLAGE:

A

These are circular structures that keep the airway open and air resistance low which prevent them from collapsing as air pressure changes as we breathe

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8
Q

Which passageways in the system contain cartilage

A

-Trachea
-Bronchus

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9
Q

state the function and location of the ciliated epithelium

A

-Their function is to sweep mucus, bacteria and microorganisms away from the lungs and into the mouth where it will be digested by the stomach acid
-Located in the respiratory tract and line the trachea bronchi and bronchioles

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10
Q

state the function and location of the goblet cells

A

Goblet cells produce mucus which trap bacteria, dust and other foreign particles and cilia moves the mucus upwards. they work with mucous glands
they are located on the ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract

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11
Q

State the function and location of the squamous epithelium

A

They are located in the alveoli and are thin flat cells which facilitate an easier change of oxygen to the bloodstream

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12
Q

State the function of smooth muscle and location

A

They help to regulate the flow of air into and out of the lungs by dilating and widening when more air is needed.
-they are in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

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13
Q

state the function of capillaries

A

Capillaries provide the exchange site of O2 and CO2 between the air and the bloodstream

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14
Q

Top features of the Alveolus

A

> > Thin membrane
Good ventilation
Large surface area
Good network of capillaries
Elastic fibres for recoil and expand

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15
Q

How is a steep concentration gradient maintained

A

Through breathing, air brings in high concentration of O2 and low CO2 while blood brings in the opposite. This results Into a difference in the concentration gradient and it remains steep as diffusion continuously takes place

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16
Q

What is the Ficks law

A

states that The surface area of the concentration gradient should divide the thickness of exchange membrane

17
Q

Describe inhalation

A

-It is an active process as it involves the contraction of muscles
-the external intercostal muscle and diaphragm contract and flatten
-ribcage moves up and out
-volume increase
-pressure decreases
-internal intercostal muscle relaxes

18
Q

Describe exhalation

A

-It is a passive process because of the elasticity in the lungs
-our thoracic cavity contracts due to our abdominal muscles pushing the diaphragm up
-the ribcage moves downwards
-our thoracic volume decreases
-pressure increases as air is forced out

19
Q

what are the 2 types of exhalation

A

-Normal exhalation
-Forced exhalation

20
Q

what are the 3 steps of preparation before air enters the lungs

A

-clean out the air from microorganism
-air is moistened for easier diffusion can take place
-air is warmed by the network of capillaries for faster diffusion

21
Q

Give examples of cell or mechanical barriers that clean out the air

A
  • Nose hair
  • Mucus produced
  • cillia from epithelial cells
  • macrophages
22
Q

state differences between the structure of the bronchus and trachea in terms of structure

A

-Trachea- Thick layer of rings of cartilage
-smooth lined layer of epithelium cells
Bronchus- Plates of cartilage
-Squiggly lined layer of epithelium cells

23
Q

Which structures contain goblet cells

A

-Trachea
-Bronchi

23
Q

Which structures contain smooth muscles

A

-Bronchioles
-Bronchi
-Trachea