Chapter 9 - Foreign relations and securing the succession Flashcards
what did Henry’s councillors seek at the beginning of his reign?
a continuation of peace, they negotiated a renewal of the treaty of etaples in 1510
how did Henry signal his early foreign policy intentions?
- commissioned a translation of the life of his predecessor Henry V (Agincourt).
- he also helped to create the holy league which was an anti French alliance.
when was the renewal of the treaty of etaples?
1510
when was the first invasion of France?
1512
when was the second invasion of France and the war against Scotland?
1513
when was the battle of Flodden?
September 1513
who was a part of the Holy League?
England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Papacy
what was the holy league?
a collection of countries in an anti-french alliance
how were Ferdinand of Aragon and Maximilian I using Henry?
in 1512 Henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 men to southwest France. however, this achieved nothing and was used by Ferdinand as a diversionary tactic while he conquered Navarre.
when was the Battle of the Spurs?
1513
what French towns were captured in 1513?
Thérouanne and Tournai
what happened at the battle of flodden in 1513?
King James IV crossed the anglo-scottish border with a substantial force, but was defeated by a smaller English army led by the earl of Surrey. James himself was killed, along with much of the Scottish nobility. this left the throne of Scotland in the hands of an infant but Henry did little to capitalise of the opportunity.
what were the consequences of Henry’s military adventures of 1513?
- the war was very costly and Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to pay for it.
- there were rumblings about the taxation in Yorkshire, which only narrowly failed to turn into a full scale revolt.
- the negotiated french pension was lost (etaples)
- tournai was eventually sold back to the French for less than the English had paid to repair its defences after the siege.
how did Wolsey pick up the pieces of Henry’s failed military adventures in 1513?
he recovered the etaples pension and secured a marriage alliance between Henry’s younger sister Mary and the much older king of France, Louis XII
when did Mary marry Louis XII?
1514
when did Francis I come to the throne? (France)
1515
when did Ferdinand of Aragon die and Charles take the throne?
1516
what was the treaty of Noyon?
a treaty establishing peace between Spain and France
when was the treaty of noyon?
1516
when was the treaty of Cambrai?
1529
what did the treaty of Cambrai establish?
peace between the HRE and France
when was the Duke of Albany, heir presumptive to the Scottish throne, sent by Francis to Scotland to stir up trouble between Scotland and england?
1517
when was the treaty of London?
1518
what did the treaty of London establish?
general European peace
when was Charles elected holy roman emperor?
1519
when was the field of the cloth of gold?
1520
when was the treaty of bruges between england and Charles V?
1521
when was England at war with France for the second time in Henry’s reign?
1522
when was the battle of Pavia?
1525
when was peace made with France after the start of war in 1522?
1525
when was england linked with the anti-imperial league of Cognac?
1526
what three points can be made about the basis of foreign policy making between 1514-26?
- england remained a relatively minor power and could not really compete on level terms with the major powers of France and Spain.
- Henry significantly overestimated English power. wolsey then had to frame the details of foreign policy on that assumption.
- the auld alliance remained strong, consequently when England and France were on amicable terms there tended to be little issues with Scotland, but when there were tensions they tended to be with both nations.
by the end of 1514 Henry had run out of money to continue a warlike policy, what were the consequences of this?
- he was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the death of James IV at Flodden.
- he sought peace with France
how did Henry see Francis I?
a personal, as well as political rival
what was the consequence of the treaty of cambrai?
england was left dangerously isolated.
how did wolsey and Henry see the duke of Albany?
as a French agent
why was the threat from Albany minimised?
because of poisonous divisions within the Scottish nobility
how was Wolsey successful in ending England’s isolation?
the treaty of London
what did the treaty of London mean for wolsey?
he emerged as the leading diplomat in Europe, the arbiter of Europe.
what was the treaty of London?
it had its origins in peace negotiations between england and France but its scope widened and it became a treaty of ‘perpetual peace’, a non-aggression pact agreed to by england, France, Spain, the HRE and numerous smaller states.
what was the consequence of the treaty of London?
- wolsey emerged as the leading diplomat in Europe
- the pope’s need for a united christian front meant he appointed wolsey as papal legate over England.
who prompted the treaty of London?
the pope Leo X, who saw the need for a united christian front against the threat of the ottoman turks.
