Chapter 9 - Foreign relations and securing the succession Flashcards
1
Q
what did Henry’s councillors seek at the beginning of his reign?
A
a continuation of peace, they negotiated a renewal of the treaty of etaples in 1510
2
Q
how did Henry signal his early foreign policy intentions?
A
- commissioned a translation of the life of his predecessor Henry V (Agincourt).
- he also helped to create the holy league which was an anti French alliance.
3
Q
when was the renewal of the treaty of etaples?
A
1510
4
Q
when was the first invasion of France?
A
1512
5
Q
when was the second invasion of France and the war against Scotland?
A
1513
6
Q
when was the battle of Flodden?
A
September 1513
7
Q
who was a part of the Holy League?
A
England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Papacy
8
Q
what was the holy league?
A
a collection of countries in an anti-french alliance
9
Q
how were Ferdinand of Aragon and Maximilian I using Henry?
A
in 1512 Henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 men to southwest France. however, this achieved nothing and was used by Ferdinand as a diversionary tactic while he conquered Navarre.
10
Q
when was the Battle of the Spurs?
A
1513
11
Q
what French towns were captured in 1513?
A
Thérouanne and Tournai
12
Q
what happened at the battle of flodden in 1513?
A
King James IV crossed the anglo-scottish border with a substantial force, but was defeated by a smaller English army led by the earl of Surrey. James himself was killed, along with much of the Scottish nobility. this left the throne of Scotland in the hands of an infant but Henry did little to capitalise of the opportunity.
13
Q
what were the consequences of Henry’s military adventures of 1513?
A
- the war was very costly and Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to pay for it.
- there were rumblings about the taxation in Yorkshire, which only narrowly failed to turn into a full scale revolt.
- the negotiated french pension was lost (etaples)
- tournai was eventually sold back to the French for less than the English had paid to repair its defences after the siege.
14
Q
how did Wolsey pick up the pieces of Henry’s failed military adventures in 1513?
A
he recovered the etaples pension and secured a marriage alliance between Henry’s younger sister Mary and the much older king of France, Louis XII
15
Q
when did Mary marry Louis XII?
A
1514
16
Q
when did Francis I come to the throne? (France)
A
1515
17
Q
when did Ferdinand of Aragon die and Charles take the throne?
A
1516
18
Q
what was the treaty of Noyon?
A
a treaty establishing peace between Spain and France
19
Q
when was the treaty of noyon?
A
1516
20
Q
when was the treaty of Cambrai?
A
1529
21
Q
what did the treaty of Cambrai establish?
A
peace between the HRE and France
22
Q
when was the Duke of Albany, heir presumptive to the Scottish throne, sent by Francis to Scotland to stir up trouble between Scotland and england?
A
1517
23
Q
when was the treaty of London?
A
1518
24
Q
what did the treaty of London establish?
A
general European peace
25
when was Charles elected holy roman emperor?
1519
26
when was the field of the cloth of gold?
1520
27
when was the treaty of bruges between england and Charles V?
1521
28
when was England at war with France for the second time in Henry's reign?
1522
29
when was the battle of Pavia?
1525
30
when was peace made with France after the start of war in 1522?
1525
31
when was england linked with the anti-imperial league of Cognac?
1526
32
what three points can be made about the basis of foreign policy making between 1514-26?
- england remained a relatively minor power and could not really compete on level terms with the major powers of France and Spain.
- Henry significantly overestimated English power. wolsey then had to frame the details of foreign policy on that assumption.
- the auld alliance remained strong, consequently when England and France were on amicable terms there tended to be little issues with Scotland, but when there were tensions they tended to be with both nations.
33
by the end of 1514 Henry had run out of money to continue a warlike policy, what were the consequences of this?
- he was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the death of James IV at Flodden.
- he sought peace with France
34
how did Henry see Francis I?
a personal, as well as political rival
35
what was the consequence of the treaty of cambrai?
england was left dangerously isolated.
36
how did wolsey and Henry see the duke of Albany?
as a French agent
37
why was the threat from Albany minimised?
because of poisonous divisions within the Scottish nobility
38
how was Wolsey successful in ending England's isolation?
the treaty of London
39
what did the treaty of London mean for wolsey?
he emerged as the leading diplomat in Europe, the arbiter of Europe.
40
what was the treaty of London?
it had its origins in peace negotiations between england and France but its scope widened and it became a treaty of 'perpetual peace', a non-aggression pact agreed to by england, France, Spain, the HRE and numerous smaller states.
41
what was the consequence of the treaty of London?
- wolsey emerged as the leading diplomat in Europe
- the pope's need for a united christian front meant he appointed wolsey as papal legate over England.
42
who prompted the treaty of London?
the pope Leo X, who saw the need for a united christian front against the threat of the ottoman turks.
43
how did the newfound friendship between england and France continue?
- england agree to return tournai to France
- French agreed to pay a pension
- French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland
44
what encouraged the French change of attitude rather than Wolsey's diplomatic brilliance?
the French were concerned about the power of the Spanish now that the Spanish king, Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor
45
what were the good anglo-french relations reinforced by?
the field of the cloth of gold
46
what does heir presumptive mean?
the person who is first in line of succession but whose position could be displaced by a person with a better claim; in this case, Albany would cease to be first in line for the throne once the infant James V of Scotland had a legitimate child as heir.
47
what does papal legate mean?
the personal representative of the pope; being appointed papal legate gave wolsey control over the English church and meant that he had superior status to the archbishop of Canterbury.
48
what has been the estimated cost of the field of the cloth of gold?
about £15,000 (for Henry's treasury)
49
what was achieved at the field of the cloth of gold?
in diplomatic terms nothing was really achieved at the field of the cloth of gold.
50
why did Henry have compelling motives to side with Charles ( treaty of Bruge) after conflict broke out between charles and Francis?
- he could improve his relations with the pope, who was anxious to reduce French control over northern Italy.
- he believed he might gain more territory within France.
- part of the deal entailed a marriage alliance between Charles and Henry's young daughter, Princess Mary.
51
as a result of the treaty of bruges when did Henry invade France?
1522 and 1523
52
what did the campaigns in France in 1522 and 1523 achieve?
they gained little but proved costly, with parliament proving reluctant to grant the extraordinary revenue necessary to cover the costs.
53
how did Henry show his lack of strategic awareness?
he attempted to benefit from Charles' victory at Pavia by suggesting they launch a joint invasion of northern France in order to achieve territorial gains. but Charles didn't agree.
54
what were the consequences of Henry attempting to benefit from Pavia?
- Henry, his ego bruised, was obliged to back down
- his resentment towards the emperor was reinforced when Charles repudiated his marriage contract with princess Mary.
- Wolsey's domestic prestige never really recovered from the episode.
55
what did the fracturing of the anglo-imperial alliance lead Henry and wolsey to do?
to move in a direction of a pro-french policy. this became evident when Henry lent his support to the league of cognac which had been put together by the pope to counterbalance what he considered to be the excessive power of Charles in northern Italy.
56
when was the sack of Rome?
1527
57
when did england offer support to France against the HRE/spain at the treaty of Amiens?
1527
58
when were the French defeated at Landriano?
1529
59
when was the peace of Cambrai between France and the HRE?
1529
60
when was the defensive alliance between england and France formed?
1532
61
when did Henry begin the break with Rome?
1533
62
when was the renewal of fighting between France and the HRE/spain?
1536
63
when was the peace between France and the HRE?
1538
64
when was there a fear of invasion in england when the pope attempted to unite the catholic powers in an anti-english crusade?
1539
65
when did Henry marry Anne of Cleves?
1540
66
what does the failure of Henry to solve his great matter through diplomatic means emphasise?
the extent to which England remained a relatively minor power in Europe
67
how did wolsey seek to pressurise Charles V?
by imposing a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands, but Charles's retaliation created widespread unemployment and social problems in england, forcing wolsey to back down.
68
how did Charles V demonstrate his strength after 1527?
he victory over the French at the battle of landriano in 1529, and his dominance over the pope, as demonstrated by the peace of Cambrai the same year.
69
what was the significance of the peace of Cambrai?
required the french to give up their ambitions in Italy. it also reinforced the papacy's political dependence on the emperor.
70
how did Henry try and shore up his position in 1532?
by making a fragile alliance with France, France was also in a weak position so they could put little pressure on the emperor. the alliance began to unravel as francis sought to establish a marriage alliance between his son Henry and the pope's niece, Catherine de Medici
71
why were there no repercussions as a result of the break from Rome in the short term?
Charles was primarily concerned with the threat posed by the ottoman turks to christian Europe.
72
why did the pressure upon Henry's position reduce in 1536?
- the death of Catherine of Aragon and the execution of Anne boleyn opened up the possibility of a renewed alliance with the emperor.
- the renewal of fighting between the emperor and Francis I reduced the potential danger of England's isolated position.
73
why had Henry's position once again weakened by 1538?
- Charles and Francis once again buried their differences in the treaty of Nice and they agreed to sever connections with England.
- the pope established a papal bull deposing Henry and thereby absolving English catholics from the need to obey their ruler.
- the pope sent envoys to both France and Scotland to rouse support for a catholic crusade against Henry.
74
why was Henry position in the late 1530's much more secure than it appeared?
neither francis nor Charles trusted each other and had more important immediate priorities.
75
what explains Henry's enthusiasm for the six articles in 1539?
his situation was still dangerous so he needed to reassure English catholics.
76
what helps to explain Henry's decision to marry Anne of Cleves?
his position was dangerous and was afraid that Charles and Francis were conspiring to invade england, this alliance with the league of schmalkalden was an insurance policy.
77
what was the situation in Ireland like at the beginning of Henry's reign?
he had little concerns regarding Ireland
78
why was Kildare so important?
Henry couldn't control Ireland without him, he was both a courtier and the most powerful of the Gaelic chiefs.
79
when was Kildare dismissed?
1534
80
what did Kildare's dismissal lead to?
a major rebellion led by his son, Thomas Fitzgerald, earl of ossory, which was only suppressed with difficulty and at considerable expense.
81
why did Ireland become an increasing drain on the crown's resources?
the attempt to refashion irish government under English control failed utterly, it required royal government through an English born deputy, supported by a substantial military presence.
82
what is an example of the scale of resentment in Ireland?
two nobles, Con O'Neill and Manus O'Donnell invaded the pale in 1539.
83
what happened with the invasion of the pale in 1539?
the government eventually regained control and tried to pacify Ireland by establishing it as a separate kingdom in 1541, imposing English law and creating counties out of the Gaelic lordships.
84
despite attempts to pacify Ireland, what was the problem?
the government lacked the resources to follow through the reforms, there was no residual irish loyalty to the English crown, and in any case after 1534 the relationship became even more complex because of religious differences which began to emerge.
85
what had been the focus of foreign policy in the 1530s?
trying to minimise the response of foreign powers to the break from Rome.
86
how did Henry's foreign policy change again in the 1540s?
he returned to the aggressive foreign policy which had characterised the early years of his reign.
87
when was the first invasion of Scotland in the 1540s?
1542
88
when was the treaty of greenwich between england and Scotland?
1543
89
when was the anglo-imperial alliance in the 1540s?
1543
90
when were the invasions of Scotland and France in the 1540s?
1544
91
when did the French invade the Isle of Wight?
1545
92
when was there peace with France? (end of reign)
1546
93
at which battle were the Scots heavily defeated after the invasion in 1542?
the battle of Solway Moss, James V died shortly after hearing of the defeat. this meant his one week-old daughter Mary was left.
94
why didn't Henry exploit the battle of solway moss and launch a full scale invasion?
his focus was on military glory in France so he tried to achieve his Scottish objectives through diplomatic means.
95
what did the Scottish policy after solway moss become known as?
'rough wooing'
96
who did Henry want prince Edward to marry as part of his rough wooing?
Mary, queen of Scots
97
what did the English ambassador to Scotland report during the time of the English policy of 'rough wooing'?
there was widespread suspicion of English intentions
98
what were the terms of the treaty of greenwich?
Edward and Mary were formally betrothed.
99
what happened to the treaty of greenwich?
arran deserted the English cause and the Scottish parliament refused to ratify the treaty.
100
what did the Scottish refusal to ratify the treaty of greenwich lead Henry to do?
he ordered the earl of Hertford to carry out a punitive raid on Edinburgh, Leith and st Andrews.
101
on what counts can Henry be criticised for his failure in Scottish policy?
- he neglected the opportunity to secure his policy by military force when he had the opportunity in 1542
- he failed to heed Sadler's warnings about Scottish hostility to his intentions.
- his ordering of Hertford into Scotland was simply a matter of retaliation. this gave no thought to possible strategic objectives and simply served to antagonise the Scots further.
102
for the French invasion in 1544 what did Henry do in his quest for military glory?
despite his health problems and the advice of his councillors he set off at the head of his army
103
in the imperial alliance made before the French invasion of 1544 what did Henry promise?
the English army would March on Paris, this showed his lack of strategic awareness. in realty the English army confined itself to the vicinity of calais and besieged montreuil unsuccessfully but captured boulogne.
104
by the time Henry had captured boulogne what had the emperor done?
he had had enough of the conflict and made a separate peace with Francis.
105
how did matters get worse for Henry in 1545?
- Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of England from across the Scottish border
- the English were defeated at the battle of ancrum moor
- a separate French force landed in the Isle of Wight
- Henry's flagship, the Mary Rose, was sunk in the solent.
106
why were both the English and the French happy to sue for peace in 1546?
neither could afford to continue the conflict
107
what was the price Henry paid for his final pursuit of military glory?
he was unable to fund the war from extraordinary revenue, he sold much of the crown estate, borrowed large sums and debased the coinage, thereby significantly increasing the rate of inflation.
