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A-Level AQA History - Tudors > Chapter 3 - England's relations with Scotland other foreign powers > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - England's relations with Scotland other foreign powers Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Henry’s foreign policy aims?

A
  • National security
  • recognition of the Tudor dynasty
  • Defence of English trading interests
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2
Q

When was the French invasion of Brittany?

A

1487

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3
Q

When was the Anglo-french truce?

A

1488

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4
Q

When was the treaty of Redon between England and Brittany?

A

1489

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5
Q

When was the treaty of Medina del Campo between England and Spain?

A

1489

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6
Q

When did England invade France?

A

1492

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7
Q

When was the treaty of Etaples?

A

1492

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8
Q

When was the Intercursus magnus?

A

1496

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9
Q

When did Scotland invade England?

A

1496

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10
Q

When was the truce of Ayton?

A

1497

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11
Q

When was the marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon?

A

1501

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12
Q

When did Prince Arthur die?

A

1502

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13
Q

When was the marriage of Princess Margaret and James IV of Scotland?

A

1503

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14
Q

When was the death of Queen Isabella of Castile?

A

1504

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15
Q

When were Philip and Juana shipwrecked in England?

A

January 1506

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16
Q

When was the Intercursus malus?

A

1506

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17
Q

When was the death of Philip of Burgundy?

A

September 1506

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18
Q

What was Brittany?

A

A fiefdom of the French crown that had enjoyed relative independence.

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19
Q

Which country was seen as England’s traditional enemy?

A

France

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20
Q

When did the French invade Brittany?

A

1487

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21
Q

Why did the French invasion of Brittany alarm Henry?

A

It looked as though they would gain complete control.

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22
Q

what did Henry do when he heard about the French invasion of Brittany?

A

He summoned Parliament

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23
Q

Why did Henry summon parliament after the French invasion of Brittany?

A
  • His sense of obligation to the Bretons
  • his fear that direct French control of Brittany would increase a potential French threat to England.
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24
Q

What did Henry want from Parliament after the French invasion of Brittany?

A

extraordinary revenue so he could raise an army agency the French.

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25
Q

What is the definition of suzerainty?

A

the feudal control of one territory by another

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26
Q

Who was Maximilian I?

A

he was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 to 1519, though he had taken over rule of the empire in 1486. In 1477 he had married Mary of Burgundy and through her had gained control of the Netherlands, England’s main trading partner.

27
Q

What were the terms of the treaty of Redon?

A

the Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from the French threat.

28
Q

Why did Maximilian not have a desire for Brittany to fall into French hands?

A

he had contracted a marriage-by-proxy with Anne.

29
Q

Who was Charles VIII?

A

He was king of France from 1483 to 1498. He ruled in his own right from 1491, and his main concern was to assert his claim to the throne of the kingdom of Naples in the Italian peninsula. This reduced any potential threat from Charles to Henry VII.

30
Q

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

A

A loose federation of about 300 states, mostly situated in what is now Germany. The emperor was elected.

31
Q

Where did the bulk of England’s exports go through?

A

the ports of the Netherlands, such as Antwerp and Bruges

32
Q

When did Maximilian become HRE?

A

1493

33
Q

Why did relations between England and Burgundy deteriorate?

A

Because of the hospitality offered to Perkin Warbeck

34
Q

How did Henry try and solve the issue of Perkin Warbeck and Burgundy?

A

By placing a trade embargo on the netherlands

35
Q

What was the issue with Henry’s trade embargo?

A

It brought 2 of Henry’s foreign policy objectives - securing the dynasty and encouraging trade - into conflict. This didn’t help his popularity with the London and East coast merchants.

36
Q

What was the Intercursus Magnus?

A

the major commercial treaty between England and Burgundy which ended the trade embargo and restored normal trading relations.

37
Q

When was the Intercursus Magnus?

A

1496

38
Q

When did Isabella, Queen of Castille die?

A

1504

39
Q

What were the terms of the intercursus malus?

A

He demanded a trade deal which would have given a much stronger trading position to English merchants in the netherlands (never happened). Philip and maximilian agreed to hand over The Earl of Suffolk (yorkist)

40
Q

What foreign policy aims had Henry achieved with the intercurus malus

A

trade and protection of the dynasty

41
Q

When was the intercursus malus?

A

1506

42
Q

Who ruled over Spain?

A

Ferdinand and his wife isabella

43
Q

Why was the treaty of medina del campo important for Henry?

A

It gave him some of the international peace and security to which he aspired

44
Q

What were the terms of the treaty of medina del campo?

A
  • the two monarchies offered mutual protection in the event of an attack.
  • they agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
  • the treaty arranged a marriage alliance between Arthur, Prince of Wales and Catherine of Aragon
45
Q

What were the problems with the implementation of the treaty of medina del campo?

A
  • Arrangements for the royal marriage did not go smoothly
  • Ferdinand proved reluctant to allow the marriage to go ahead as long as Henry’s dynastic stability remained threatened by Perkin Warbeck
  • the two monarchs argued over the size of catherine’s dowry
46
Q

When were the details of Arthur and Catherine’s marriage agreed?

A

1499

47
Q

How did the death of Prince Arthur bring about complications for Henry’s relationship with Ferdinand?

A
  • Henry suggested that Catherine should marry Prince Henry, but Ferdinand was reluctant to agree. he had no need for an english alliance and the proposed marriage would require a papal dispensation.
  • in 1504, Henry lost enthusiasm for the marriage, the death of Isabella made Ferdinand a less significant political figure. During the succession struggle between Philip and Juana, henry chose to support Juana.
48
Q

Why was Philip and Juana being shipwrecked in england a good thing for Henry?

A

He was able to take advantage of their situation.

49
Q

How did Henry secure a stronger relationship with philip and Juana after they were shipwrecked in England?

A
  • Intercursus malus
  • return of the earl of suffolk
  • a proposed marriage alliance for himself with Philip’s sister, the Archduchess Margaret
  • Henry’s recognition of Juana and Philip as rulers of Castile (strengthening the couple’s claim to the spanish throne)
50
Q

How did Philip of Burgundy’s death soon after their arrival in Spain prove disastrous for Henry?

A
  • Juana was described as having gone mad
  • Gave Ferdinand the opportunity once more to become regent of Castile.
  • left Henry diplomatically isolated as he had been outsmarted by a major European monarch.
  • Ferdinand ensured that the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine wouldn’t take place in Henry VII’s lifetime.
51
Q

When were Anglo-Scottish relations tense?

A

1485-95

52
Q

How was 1495-96 a turning point in Anglo-scottish relations?

A
  • James came of age and offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck.
  • James offered Perkin Warbeck a pension and an aristocratic marriage.
  • James encouraged Perkin to cross the border with a small army, although unsuccessful this prompted Henry to invade scotland, this prompted a taxation rebellion the following year.
53
Q

How did Anglo-Scottish relations change in 1497?

A

The cornish rebellion, it was evident that it was in both countries’ interests to secure an immediate truce, which took place at Ayton, a few miles north of berwick.

54
Q

What happened to Anglo-Scottish relations after 1498?

A

They significantly improved, James no longer had any diplomatic use for Warbeck.

55
Q

What happened to Anglo Scottish relations between 1501-03?

A

it was agreed that James should marry Henry’s daughter Margaret. This was sanctioned in 1502 by the treaty of perpetual peace, the marriage took place in 1503. In terms of anglo-scottish relations it was evident that Henry had been successful in securing the dynasty.

56
Q

Where did Henry VII’s power in Ireland extend as far as?

A

the ‘pale’, the area of land surrounding Dublin

57
Q

Who had power in the rest of Ireland?

A

the descendants of the anglo-norman barons who had settled there. The most important were the Fitzgeralds (or Geraldines) and the Butlers.

58
Q

Who was the dominant figure in Ireland?

A

the Earl of Kildare

59
Q

How did the Earl of Kildare reinforce Henry’s suspicions about him?

A
  • crowned Lambert Simnel king of Ireland
  • Supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491
60
Q

How did Henry act after Kildare’s actions with Simnel and Warbeck?

A
  • instead of relying on the established Irish aristocracy, who were cheap but unreliable, he attempted the more costly approach of rule of the ‘pale’ through an englishman, backed by an armed force.
  • he appointed his infant son Prince Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland and appointed Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy.
61
Q

How was Poynings initially successful in establishing royal authority?

A
  • threat of force and the use of bribery
  • ‘Poynings law’, which laid down that the Irish parliament couldn’t pass any laws without the approval of the english crown.
  • attempted to implement english law
62
Q

What had Kildare decided by 1496?

A

he saw no benefit in supporting the yorkist cause and instead loyally served the English crown.

63
Q

Who would Henry’s younger daughter, Mary, eventually marry?

A

Louis XII of France

A-Level AQA History - Tudors (24 decks)

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