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BIO 190: UNIT 2 > Chapter 9: DNA & RNA Structure, DNA Replication > Flashcards

Chapter 9: DNA & RNA Structure, DNA Replication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the 4 criteria needed for Genetic Material?

Ch 9.1

A

1) Information
2) Replication
3) Transmission
4) Variation

Ch 9.1

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1
Q

What does genetic material need to contain the information for?

Ch 9.1

A

It contains information
necessary to construct entire organism

Ch 9.1

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2
Q

What does it mean for the genetic material to undergo the process of REPLICATION?

Ch 9.1

A

The genetic material must be accurately copied

Ch 9.1

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3
Q

What does it mean for genetic material to undergo the process of TRANSMISSION?

Ch 9.1

A

The genetic materials pass from parents to offspring and from cell to cell during cell division.

Ch 9.1

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4
Q

Why must genetic material have variation?

Ch 9.1

A

To be able to account for differences between individuals and species

Ch 9.1

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5
Q

What did Frederick Griffith identify the existence of and how?

Ch 9.1

A

The existence of genetic material with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and mice

Ch 9.1

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6
Q

What are two types of bacteria?

Ch 9.1

A
  1. Smooth - (secrete capsules) typically deadly
  2. Rough - (not secrete capsules) survivable

live bacteria is the one that kills you
dead bacteria doesnt do no harm!!!

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7
Q

What did Griffith find out but could not explain in his experiment?

Ch 9.1

A

Griffith found our that in a mix of the live type R and heat-killed type S bacteria, a substance (genetic material) from the dead type S cells had transformed the type R cells into type S.

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8
Q

Who identified the genetic material based on Griffith’s observations?

Ch 9.1

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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9
Q

Is it true that only purified DNA could convert R type cell to S type cell?

Ch 9.1

A

It is false. Purified DNA might still contain traces of contamination that may be the transforming principle.

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10
Q

What is a transforming principle?

Ch 9.1

A

Term given to the substance that could be transferred from non living cells to living cells, causing the living cell to show characteristics of the non living cell.

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11
Q

Define DNA and RNA & what they are responsible for

Ch 9.2

A

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, polymers of nucleotides that are responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information.

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12
Q

What are the 5 levels of DNA structure?

Ch 9.2

A
  1. Nucleotides - serves as building blocks
  2. Strand - is a linear polymer
  3. Double helix - two strands twisted together
  4. Chromosomes - DNA associated with different proteins
  5. Genome - the complement of genetic material in an organism
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13
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Ch 9.2

A

A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

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14
Q

How does a DNA strand form?

Ch 9.2

A

A DNA strand is formed when nucleotides are covalently attached.

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15
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds?

Ch 9.2

A

Phosphodiester bonds are covalent bonds that link nucleotides together in a DNA strand (Key structural feature of a DNA strand).

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16
Q

What is a sugar-phosphate backbone?

Ch 9.2

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone is a result of a sugar in one nucleotide linking to a phosphate group in the next nucleotide (Key structural feature of a DNA strand).

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17
Q

What are DNA strands’ directionality?

Ch 9.2

A

5’ to 3’. The 5’ end has a free phosphate group and the 3’ end has a free hydroxyl group.

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18
Q

What kind of bonds stabilize base pairs in the DNA?

Ch 9.2

A

Hydrogen bonds.

19
Q

What is the AT/CG rule?

Ch 9.2

A

AT/CG refers to a specific base pairing. Adenine - Thymine; Cytosine - Guanine.

20
Q

What can DNA be described as?

Ch 9.2

A

DNA is a double-stranded helix with outer backbone and bases on the inside.

21
Q

What are the two characteristics of the DNA strands?

Ch 9.2

A

Strands are antiparallel and complimentary to each other.

22
Q

What kind of grooves does DNA contain?

Ch 9.2

A

Major groove and minor groove.

23
Q

What is a function of the major groove in DNA?

Ch 9.2

A

The major groove provides a binding site for many proteins.

24
Q

What was a key experimental tool that led to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure?

Ch 9.3

A

X-ray diffraction.

25
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin discover?

Ch 9.3

A

A helical structure, a uniform diameeter (~2nm), a diameter too big to be a single strand.

26
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

Ch 9.3

A

A pattern in the base DNA composition. The amount of adenine was similar to the amount of thymine and the amount of cytosine was similar to guanine.

27
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA using other scientists’ work?

Ch 9.3

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

28
Q

What are the three different mechanisms of DNA replication that had been proposed? Who proposed them?

Ch 9.4

A
  1. Semiconservative mechanism
  2. Conservative mechanism
  3. Dispersive mechanism
    They were proposed by Meselson and Stahl.
29
Q

What are parent and daughter strands?

Ch 9.3

A

Original strands are parent strands and newly made strands are daughter strands.

30
Q

What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl discover in their experiment?

Ch 9.4

A

DNA replication process is semiconservative.

31
Q

What is a semiconservative mechanism?

Ch 9.4

A

DNA replication produces DNA molecules with 1 parental strand and 1 newly made daughter strand.

32
Q

What is a conservative mechanism?

Ch 9.4

A

DNA replication produces 1 double helix with both parental strands and the other with 2 new daughter strands.

33
Q

What is a dispersive mechanism?

Ch 9.4

A

DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are interspersed with the parental DNA.

34
Q

What are template strands?

Ch 9.4

A

They are parental strands that separate and serve as a template for the synthesis of daughter strands.

35
Q

What is an origin of replication?

Ch 9.5

A

An origin of replication is a site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication.

36
Q

What is a replication bubble?

Ch 9.5

A

It is an opening formed by the unwinding of the DNA strands

37
Q

What is a replication fork?

Ch 9.5

A

A region where the replication proceeds to outward from in both directions (bidirectional replication)

38
Q

How are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?

Ch 9.5

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes are larger and have a linear structure with multiple origins of replication.

39
Q

What proteins are responsible for fork formation and movement?

9.5

A

DNA helicase, DNA topoisomerase, and a single-strand binding proteins.

40
Q

What is the function of DNA helicase?

Ch 9.5

A

It travels along one DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction and separate the DNA strands.

41
Q

What is the function of DNA topoisomerase?

Ch 9.5

A

It travels slightly ahead of the replication fork and alleviates coiling caused by the action of helicase.

42
Q

What is the function of single-strand binding proteins?

Ch 9.5

A

It coats the DNA strands to prevent them from re-forming a double helix.

43
Q

What are the two enzymes that are needed to synthesize DNA strands during replication?

9.5

A

DNA polymerase and DNA primase.

44
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

Ch 9.5

A

It covalently links nucleotides together.

45
Q

What is the function of DNA primase?

Ch. 9.5

A

It makes a complimentary primer of RNA (10 to 12 nucleotides in length) that can be extended by DNA polymerase.

46
Q

What are the two important functional constraints that DNA polymerase has?

Ch 9.5

A
  1. DNA polymerase cannot begin synthesis on a bare template strand; it can only extend a pre-existing strand
  2. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

BIO 190: UNIT 2 (5 decks)

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