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BIO 190: UNIT 2 > Chapter 6: How Cells Utilize Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 6: How Cells Utilize Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of catabolic reactions?

Ch 6.3

A

Break down of larger molecules into smaller ones (EXERGONIC)

Ch 6.3

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2
Q

What is the function of anabolic reactions?

Ch 6.3

A

Synthesis/Building of larger molecules from smaller ones (ENDERGONIC)

Ch 6.3

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3
Q

How do catabolic reactions create ATP ?

Ch 6.3

A

By recycling organic molecules

Ch 6.3

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4
Q

What is the removal of electrons called ?

Ch 6.3

A

Oxidation Reaction

Ch 6.3

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5
Q

What is it called when an electron of one molecule is transferred to another?

Ch 6.3

A

Reduction-Oxidation (REDOX) Reactions

Ch 6.3

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6
Q

What is the reaction where electrons are added ?

Ch 6.3

A

Reduction Reaction

Ch 6.3

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Oxidation reactions has more energy stored within its cellular bonds than reduction reactions

Ch 6.3

A

FALSE; Oxidation reactions have less energy within their cellular bonds in comparison to reduction reactions

Ch 6.3

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8
Q

What is the function of NAD+/NADH in redox reactions?

Ch 6.3

A

Break down of “food” molecules

example: glucose & fat molecules

Ch 6.3

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9
Q

What are the 3 ways Metabolic Pathways are regulated ?

Ch 6.3

A

GENETIC, CELLULAR, BIOCHEMICAL

Ch 6.3

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10
Q

Define genetic metabolic pathway regulation.

Ch 6.3

A

Gene regulation; increase or decrease in gene expression

Ch 6.3

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11
Q

Define cellular metabolic pathway regulation.

Ch 6.3

A

Cells integrate signals from their environment and adjust metabolic activity accordingly

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12
Q

Define biochemical metabolic pathway regulation.

Ch 6.3

A

Feedback inhibition; a product of a pathway binds a pathway enxyme at an allosteric site and decreases production of enzymes as needed

Allosteric Site: Where molecules are allowed to start/stop enzyme activity

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13
Q

Which is oxidated and which is reduced?

Ae- + B → A + Be-

Ch 6.3

A

A is Oxidated, B is Reduced

Oxidated: Electron Removal ; Reduction: Addition of Electron

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14
Q

Define Cellular Respiration

Ch 6.4

A

The process in which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules to make ATP

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15
Q

What’s the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

Ch 6.1

A

kinetic energy is associated with movement (such as a baseball bat from one location to another) , while potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object or substance (such as the location of an arrow when a bow is drawn).

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16
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Ch 6.1

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

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17
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Ch 6.1

A

Any energy transformation from one form to another increases the degree of disorder of a system, which is called entropy.

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18
Q

Describe the relationship between entropy and energy disorder.

Ch 6.1

A

If an energy system is more disordered, entropy increases. As energy becomes evenly distributed, the energy is less ale to promote change.

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19
Q

Which do you think has more entropy, a NaCl crystal at the bottom of a beaker of water, or the solution that would be formed after the Na+ and Cl forming the crystal have dissolved in the water?

Ch 6.1

A

The solution has more entropy because a salt crystal is very ordered whereas the ions in the solution would be much more disordered.

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20
Q

T or F: Entropy is a main component of usable energy.

Ch 6.1

A

FALSE: entropy is a main component of UNUSABLE energy

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21
Q

Describe what exergonic reactions are. What are some characteristics of an exergonic reaction?

Ch 6.1

A

If a chemical reaction has a NEGATIVE free-energy change, then the products have LESS free energy than the reactants, and therefore free energy is RELEASED during product formation. It IS spontaneous; meaning it is slow and occurs on its own.

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22
Q

Describe endergonic reactions. What are some characteristics of endergonic reactions?

Ch 6.1

A

When a chemical has a POSITIVE free energy change, and it requires the ADDITION of free energy. It is NOT a spontaneous reaction.

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23
Q

Most reactions that cells must accomplish are _________. In order for them to overcome this problem, one strategy is to couple ________ reactions with them. If they are coupled together, the __________ reaction will proceed spontaneously.

Ch 6.1

A

1) endergonic
2) exergonic
3) endergonic

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24
Q

Identify which image is endergonic and which one is exergonic.

Ch 6.1

A

Left: exergonic
Right: endergonic

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25
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP is an example of an ____________ reaction. The energy released from ATP hydrolysis is used to drive other ___________ reactions.

Ch 6.1

A

1) exergonic
2) endergonic

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26
Q

T or F: A spontaneous reaction is a fast reaction.

Ch 6.2

A

FALSE: Not necessarily.

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27
Q

Define activation energy.

Ch 6.2

A

input of energy in a chemical reaction that allows molecules to cause a rearrangement of bonds.

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28
Q

This is an image of the steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. The example here shown involves the enzyme hexokinase, which binds ATP and glucose. The products are glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. Briefly describe each step.

Ch 6.2

A

1) substrates (ATP and glucose) bind to the enzyme (hexokinase)
2) enzyme undergoes conformational change, binding the substrates more tightly
3) substrates are converted to products
4) products (ADP and glucose-6-phosphate) are released, and enzyme is ready to be reused! :D

29
Q

During which step is the activation energy lowered?

Ch 6.2

A

Step 2 when the substrates undergo induced fit.

30
Q

Define affinity.

Ch 6.2

A

The attraction of an enzyme for a substrate.

31
Q

Define Vmax and Km.

Ch 6.2

A

Vmax is the maximal rate of a reaction.
Km is the substrate concentration where velocity is half the max.

32
Q

Define and compare competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

Ch 6.2

A

Competitive inhibitors raise Km for the substrate without affecting the Vmax; bind noncovalently to the active site which compete with the substrate in binding to the enzyme

Noncompetitive inhibitors lower the Vmax for the reaction without affecting the Km; binds noncovalently to an enzyme at a location outside the active site, called an allosteric site.

33
Q

What factors influence enzyme structure and function? What are the optimal requirements in order for enzymes to properly function?

Ch 6.2

A

1) Temperature, pH, and ionic conditions.
2) Optimal temp is 37 degrees celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. For pH, it depends on the type of enzyme.

34
Q

What are the two general functions of catabolic pathways?

Ch 6.3

A

1) to recycle the components of organic molecules
2) to obtain energy for use in endergonic reactions

35
Q

What is chemical energy?

Ch 6.1

A

A form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds.

36
Q

Define aerobic respiration.

Ch 6.4

A

A type of cellular respiration in which O2 (oxygen) is consumed and CO2 (carbon dioxide) is released.

37
Q

When glucose is broken down via oxidation, __________ is released, but some of this energy is lost as _____. However, most of this energy is used to make 3 energy intermediates: _____, _____, and ________.

Ch 6.4

A

1) free energy
2) heat
3) ATP, NADH, FADH2

38
Q

Cellular respiration is a process that involves four metabolic pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate breakdown, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Which of these processes does NOT produce ATP?

Ch 6.4

A

the breakdown of pyruvate

39
Q

Define glycolysis. Bonus: Draw it

Ch 6.5

A

Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose, a simple sugar, into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.

40
Q

What are the 3 phases of glycolysis?

Ch 6.5

A

energy investment phase, cleavage phase, and the energy liberation phase

41
Q

During glycolysis, ATP is used during the ______ phase, and ATP is synthesized during the ______ phase.

Ch 6.5

A

energy investment; energy liberation

42
Q

T or F: ATP, NADH, and pyruvate are products of glycolysis, while CO2 is NOT a product of glycolysis.

A

True :D

43
Q

What is the chemical composition like during glycolysis? That is…what is being transformed, and what is being produced?

Ch 6.5

A

Overall, 1 molecule of glucose is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvate, and a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH are generated

44
Q

Where is glycolysis located in the cell?

Ch 6.5

A

the cytoplasm

45
Q

Where is the breakdown of pyruvate located in the cell?

Ch 6.6

A

Glycolysis produces pyruvate in the cytosol, then is transported into the mitochondrial matrix

46
Q

What molecule is removed from pyruvate?

Ch 6.6

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

47
Q

T or F: Pyruvate is oxidized by an enzyme complex called pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Ch 6.6

A

True :D

48
Q

What is the chemical composition like during the breakdown of pyruvate? What is being transformed and what is being produced?

Ch 6.6

A

a molecule of CO2 is removed, then the remaining acetyl group is attach to an organic molecule called coenzyme A (CoA) and then acetyl CoA is produced. 1 NADH is produced for each pyruvate.

49
Q

T or F: ATP, NADH, acetyl group attach to CoA, and CO2 are ALL products of the breakdown of pyruvate.

Ch 6.6

A

FALSE; ATP is NOT a product of the breakdown of pyruvate

50
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

Ch 6.7

A

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, GTP and CoA

51
Q

Briefly explain what happens during the citric acid cycle.

Ch 6.7

A

An acetyl group is removed from acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to make citrate. Then, 4 CO2 molecules, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP are made. Then the cycle begins again.

52
Q

During the citric acid cycle, what happens to carbon?

Ch 6.7

A

carbon is oxidized to make NADH and FADH2.

53
Q

During the first 3 stages of glucose metabolism, the oxidation of glucose yields __ molecules of CO2, __ molecules of ATP, __ molecules of NADH, and __ molecules of FADH2.

Ch 6.8

A

6; 4; 10; 2

54
Q

Define oxidative phosphorylation.

Ch 6.8

A

The process in which NADH and FADH2 have electrons removed and become oxidized to generate a H+ gradient

55
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in the cell?

Ch 6.8

A

electron transport chain (ETC) inside the mitochondrial matrix

56
Q

At the end of the chain is _______, which is the most electronegative component and the final electron acceptor.

Ch 6.8

A

oxygen

57
Q

What are the reasons that the maximum amount of ATP may not always be produced through oxidative phosphorylation?

Ch 6.8

A

some NADH might be used to synthesize organic molecules AND the mitochondria may use some of the H+ gradient for other purposes

58
Q

What are the two distinct events that occur in oxidative phosphorylation?

Ch 6.8

A

1) electron transport chain and
2) ATP synthesis

59
Q

At the end of oxidative phosphorylation, about how much ATP can be synthesized? How much is USUALLY synthesized?

Ch 6.8

A

1) 30-34 ATP
2) less than 25, which is still greater than the amount that is generated in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

60
Q

Why do cells rarely achieve the maximal amount of ATP?

Ch 6.8

A

1) NDH is also used in anabolic pathways
2) H+ gradient is also used for other purposes

61
Q

The source of energy that directly drives the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation is _______

Ch 6.8

A

the H+ gradient

62
Q

Fatty acid tails have _______ acetyl units removed, which bind to _____ and enter the citric acid cycle.

Ch 6.9

A

two-carbon; CoA

63
Q

The advantage of connecting metabolic pathways for carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism is that ________________.

Ch 6.9

A

the same enzymes are used to break down different starting materials

64
Q

Define anaerobic.

Ch 6.10

A

the term is used to describe an environment that lacks oxygen

65
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that have allowed organic molecules WITHOUT oxygen?

Ch 6.10

A

1) anaerobic respiration
2) fermentation

66
Q

One strategy to produce ATP under anaerobic conditions is to make ATP only via _________.

Ch 6.10

A

glycolysis

67
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, _______ builds up and _______ decreases.

Ch 6.10

A

1) NADH
2) NAD+

68
Q

What are some examples of fermentation processes that oxidize NADH to NAD+ (that allow glycolysis to continue)?

Ch 6.10

A

lactic acid production in muscle and ethanol production in yeast

69
Q

Define fermentation.

Ch 6.10

A

the breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation

BIO 190: UNIT 2 (5 decks)

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