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BIO 190: UNIT 2 > Chapter 10: Gene Expression, Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Gene Expression, Transcription & Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 key processes of gene expression?

Ch 10.1

A

1) Transcription
2) Translation

Ch 10.1

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2
Q

What is transcription?

Ch 10.1

A

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template (produces an RNA copy of a gene)

Ch 10.1

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3
Q

Where does Translation occur?

Ch 10.1

A

In the messenger RNA (mRNA)

Ch 10.1

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4
Q

What happens during Translation?

Ch 10.1

A

a sequence of bases in an mRNA is “translated” into an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Ch 10.1

Gene Expression is highly accurate, which is why it utilizes a specific amino acid sequence

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5
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Gene Expression?

Ch 10.1

Central Dogma: steps of principles

A

DNA to RNA to PROTEIN

Ch 10.1

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Some viruses use an RNA template instead of DNA

Ch 10.1

Template: Blueprint of nucleotide bases for replication

A

TRUE

Ch 10.1

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Information from the same DNA molecule can be used multiple times during transcription

Ch 10.2

A

TRUE; since transcription doesnt alter DNA, information from the same DNA molecule can be used multiple times

Ch 10.2

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8
Q

Define GENE:

Ch 10.2

the Molecular Definition of a gene

A

A unit of nucleotide sequences of DNA that can be trancribed to RNA and produce a protein (gene expression)

Ch 10.2

Sometimes it produces more RNA instead of a protein for gene expression

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9
Q

What is the function of a Promoter?

Ch 10.2

A

Signals the beginning of transcription

Ch 10.2

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10
Q

What does the Transcribed Region contain?

Ch 10.2

A

Contains information that specifies a amino acid sequence

Ch 10.2

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11
Q

What is the function of a Terminator?

Ch 10.2

A

Signals the end of transcription

Ch 10.2

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12
Q

Define Regulatory Sequence

Ch 10.2

A

Happens before the promoter, and controls the amino acid sequences to regulate gene expression in an organism

Ch 10.2

Promoter is the beginning of transcription

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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of Transcription?

Ch 10.2

A

1) Intiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

Ch 10.2

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14
Q

What happens during the Initiation stage of transcription?

Ch 10.2

The Initiation stage is the first stage of transcription

A

Happens in the promoter and functions as the recognition site, where DNA strands are separated to form an open complex

Ch 10.2

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15
Q

What happens during the Elongation phase of Transcription?

Ch 10.2

A

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA

Ch 10.2

Template Strand used to form Coding Strand

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16
Q

Which direction is transcription synthesized?

Ch 10.2

A

5’ to 3’ direction

Ch 10.2

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16
Q

What happens during the Termination phase of transcription?

Ch 10.2

This is the last stage of transcription

A

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator, releases transcription, dissociates from DNA

Ch 10.2

Terminator: Signals end of Transcription

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17
Q

What is the difference between transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Ch 10.2

A

Eukaryotes use extra protein

Ch 10.2

Eukaryotes have 3 forms of RNA polymerase (I, II, III) whereas bacteria have a single RNA polymerase

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18
Q

A gene that contains the information for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called a __________.

10.0

A

a protein-encoding gene

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19
Q

RNA molecules that do not code polypeptides are called…

10.0

A

non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)

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20
Q

During transcription, ____ is used as a template to make _______.

10.1

A

DNA, RNA

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21
Q

During translation, the information within____ is used to make ________.

10.1

A

mRNA, a polypeptide

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22
Q

What are the three stages of transcription?

10.2

10.2

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

10.2

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23
Q

Label the image.

10.2

A

1) promoter
2) terminator
3) transcribed region
4) regulatory sequence

10.2

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24
Q

During the elongation stage of transcription, nucleotides bind to the template strand and are covalently connected in which direction?

10.2

A

5’ to 3’ (5 prime to 3 prime)

10.2

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25
Q

Label the image.

10.2

A

1) initiation
2) elongation/synthesis of the RNA transcript
3) termination

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26
Q

T or F: the basic features of transcription are similar among all organisms

10.2

A

TRUE :D

27
Q

A DNA template with the sequence 3’ - TACAATGTAGCC - 5’. Transcribe it into an RNA sequence reading.

10.2

A

5’ - AUGUUACAUCGG - 3’

28
Q

What is the one difference between the transcription of eukaryotic genes and the transcription of bacterial genes?

10.2

A

the transcription of eukaryotic genes tends to involve a greater number of protein components than bacterial genes

29
Q

The stage of bacterial transcription in which sigma factor causes the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is _________.

10.2

A

initiation

30
Q

Transcription of eukaryotic genes involves more _________ of protein components.

10.2

A

complexity

31
Q

Before leaving the nucleus, pre mRNA transcripts are modified by splicing, as well as the addition of ______ and _____ to the ends of the mRNA.

10.3

A

caps; tails

32
Q

What RNA is used during transcription present in eukaryotes?

10.3

A

pre-mRNA

33
Q

What happens during splicing?

10.3

A

To become a functional mRNA, many pre-mRNAs undergo an RNA modification known as splicing, in which introns are removed and the remaining exons are connected to each other.

34
Q

What are the functions of the cap?

10.3

A

1) 5’ cap is recognized by cap-binding proteins, which are needed for the proper exit of mRNAs from the nucleus
2) after an mRNA is in the cytosol, the cap structure helps to prevent its degradation
3) the cap structure is recognized by other cap-biding proteins that enable the mRNA to bind to a ribosome for translation

35
Q

What is the function of a poly A tail?

10.3

A

1) aids in the export of mRNAs from the nucleus
2) stabilizes a eukaryotic mNA so that it can exist for a longer period of time in the cytosol

36
Q

What complex precisely removes introns?

10.3

A

the spliceosome

37
Q

What is the spliceosome composed of?

10.3

A

subunits known as snRNPs (“snurps”) that contain small nuclear RNA and a set of proteins

38
Q

_____________ _____________ allows complex eukaryotes to use the same gene to make different proteins.

10.3

A

alternative splicing

39
Q

Splicing occurs in 4 steps. Label the images with the correct steps.

10.3

A

1) first 2 snRNP subunits bind to the 5’ splice site and branch site
2) additional units bind to the 3’ splice site and other locations which create a spliceosome; the intron forms a loop
3) 5’ splice site is cut; the 5’ end of intron is covalently attached to the branch site and 2 snurp units are released
4) the 3’ splice site is cut; exon 1 covalently attaches to exon 2; intron loop is released with rest of snurp units and all get degraded.

:D

40
Q

Define the genetic code.

10.4

A

a code that specifies the relationship between the sequence of nucleotides in the condons found in mRNA and the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

41
Q

The genetic code is read in groups of __#__ nucleotides called codons. There are __#__ different codons. 1 ___ codon; 3 _____ codons; and 61 ______.

10.4

A

1) 3
2) 64
3) start
4) stop
5) codons that specify amino acids

42
Q

T or F: More than 1 codon can specify the same amino acid.

10.4

A

TRUE :)

43
Q

This is a diagram of a bacterial mRNA. Label the image.

10.4

A

1) ribosomal-binding site
2) start codon
3) stop codon
4) coding sequence

44
Q

What genetic code is the start codon? What about the stop codons?

10.4

A

start codon: AUG
stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

45
Q

Codons are read in a sequential and on-overlapping manner in the ______________ direction; this means it reads from right to left.

10.4

A

5’ to 3’

46
Q

________ are involved in translating the nucleotide base sequence of the mRNA into the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.

10.4

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

47
Q

The _______ in a tRNA corresponds to the amino acid that it carries.

10.4

A

anticodon

48
Q

The codon 5’-GAC-3’ specifies aspartic acid. What would be the anticodon of a tRNA that recognizes this aspartic acid codon?

10.4

A

3’-CUG-5’

49
Q

The reading frame of an mRNA begins with a _____ codon, and is read a series of ______ codons.

10.4

A

start; adjacent

50
Q

Which two scientists discovered that synthetic RNA triplets can act like codons, causing a tRNA molecule to bind to the ribosome?

10.4

A

Nirenberg and Leder

51
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

10.5

A

contains the information for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide according to the genetic code

52
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

10.5

A

a molecule with two function sites: one (anticodon) binds to a codon in mRNA; and the second site (3’ single-stranded region) is where a specific amino acid is attached

53
Q

What are translation factors? Describe the function.

10.5

A

they are proteins needed for the three stages of translation: 1) initiation factors required for assembly of mRNA, first tRNA and ribosomal units; 2) elongation factors needed to synthesize polypeptide and 3) release factors needed to recognize stop codon and disassemble translation machinery

54
Q

The ribosomal subunits contain two types of macromolecules, what are they?

10.5

A

protein and RNA

55
Q

What is the function of the ribosome in translation?

10.5

A

it catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent amino acids to make a polypeptide

56
Q

The structural features that are common to all species of tRNA contain what?

10.5

A

1) 2-D cloverleaf structure with 3 loops and a stem containing an anticodon
2) 3’ single-stranded region (amino acid attachment site)
3) 3-D structure involving additional folding

57
Q

Cells make many different tRNAS, each encoded by a different gene OR the same gene. Which answer is correct?

10.5

A

a different gene

58
Q

The enzymes that catalyze the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules are known as….

10.5

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

59
Q

When a tRNA has its amino acid attached, what is it called?

10.5

A

a charged tRNA

60
Q

What serves as the site of translation?

10.5

A

ribosomes

61
Q

Ribosomes contain 3 discrete sites where tRNA may be located. What are they called and label them on the diagram.

10.5

A

1) aminoacyl (A) site
2) peptidyl (P) site
3) exit (E) site

62
Q

What amino acid is specified by the start codon?

10.4

A

methionine

63
Q

Polypeptide synthesis occurs during the ____ stage of translation.

10.6

A

elongation

64
Q

_______ occurs when a stop codon is reached in the mRNA.

10.6

A

termination

65
Q

T or F: The 3 stop codons are recognized by a tRNA in the stage of termination.

10.6

A

FALSE; the 3 stop codons are recognized by a RELEASE FACTOR, and NOT tRNA

66
Q

Where does translation occur in bacterial cells? What about eukaryotic cells?

10.6

A

cytoplasm in bacterial cells; cytosol in eukaryotic cells

BIO 190: UNIT 2 (5 decks)

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