Chapter 9: Cognition & Language

Question 1

What is a prototype?

Answer 1

An item, person, or event believed to be the typical example or representation to stand for that category. I.E: a fruit

Question 2

What is overextension?

Answer 2

EX: When a child things a cow is a sog.

Question 3

Prototypes help our brain process things by helping ourbrain access and interpret things by ways of anticipation.

Answer 3

Prototypes assist with filling in missing information because we were unable to encode all of the elements of a scene.

Question 4

What is a schemata? Are they always accurate?

Answer 4

Our preconceived notions about a particular aspect of the world. Notions we have about a certain category. A stereotype. EX: gender roles, or religious people

Question 5

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 5

Our propensity to favor evidence that confirms our ideas while disregarding conflicting evidence.

Question 6

Prototypes tend to remain stable, but what do schematas do?

Answer 6

They shift and update with new information. People can be resistant to change or challenges.

Question 7

What are phonemes?

Answer 7

Distinct units of sound and language. The sound makes up the word. It is the smallest meaningful part of language that cannot be broken down more than that. EX: C.A.T. individually, but not the word

Question 8

What are morphemes?

Answer 8

The smallest meaningful until of language. Which includes prefixes and suffixes. Walked is two morphemes.

Question 9

Phonemes combine to make what?

Answer 9

Morphemes.

Question 10

What is babbling?

Answer 10

Combining consonants and vowels randomly in an attempt to practice phenomes?

Question 11

What is holographic speech?

Answer 11

One word expresses the intent of an entire phrase or sentence. “ Bottle.” Individual word may not have meaning.

Question 12

What is telegraphic speech?

Answer 12

These are 2- word combinations that may omit articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. For example: “ go now”

Question 13

What is acquisition?

Answer 13

Gradually learning words over time.

Question 14

What is Infand Directed Speech?

Answer 14

A unique manner of speaking that helps infants with segmentation, pronunciation, and better attention. It involves common , words and tonal fluctutation.

Question 15

What makes it easier for children or dogs to segment and keep their attention better? Also, to help people learn more languages.

Answer 15

Using infant -directed speech

Question 16

Noam Chomsky was a nativist who believed all humans were both with a what?

Answer 16

Language Acquisition Device. It is based on the theory that it is an innate mechanism, that only operates during a critical period of development.

Question 17

The theory of language development that argues that linguistic ability is not innate and is acquired through reinforcement is who’s theory?

Answer 17

B.F’ Skinner’s Language theory

Question 18

The theory that biological and social factors interact to motivate children to learn new language is the what?

Answer 18

Interactionist Theory : Acquisition is affected by social factors. Prompt socialization is required to develop language.

Question 19

What child was unable to combine words into novel combinations because of lack of socialization?

Answer 19

Genie Wiley

Question 20

What child was able to learn so many languages becauase she learned languages in the criticial period?

Answer 20

Bella

Question 21

What is a critical period?

Answer 21

From birth to age 12 where brains are primed and efficient at processing language

Question 22

What are the two brain regions that control language?

Answer 22

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area. Brocs is in the frontal love and Werncike is in the temporal lobe.

Question 23

When people can say words clearly but there is no real meaning, what brain area is affected? For ex: Only saying the word football when being asked questions.

Answer 23

Wernicke’s Aphasia. They also have difficulty reading.

Question 24

Patients who are unable to form words properly have what kind of damage?

Answer 24

Broca’s aphasia. It is difficluty making your mouth make the sounds to make to do what you want it to do. They have difficulty writing in a language. Speech sounds like mumbling. Can formulate words, but the meaning is incohesive

Question 25

The Arcuate Fasciculus connects what?

Answer 25

Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s area.. Language centers are connected by this pathway.

Question 26

What is the disability based on the decreased ability to read, interpret words, letters, or symbols?

Answer 26

Dyslexia.

Question 27

Various comprehension areas cannot communicate properly when this area of the brain is damaged. Brain exams can reveal damage to diagnose language abnormalities.

Answer 27

The arcuate fasciculus.