Chapter 9: Cognition & Language Flashcards
What is a prototype?
An item, person, or event believed to be the typical example or representation to stand for that category. I.E: a fruit
What is overextension?
EX: When a child things a cow is a sog.
Prototypes help our brain process things by helping ourbrain access and interpret things by ways of anticipation.
Prototypes assist with filling in missing information because we were unable to encode all of the elements of a scene.
What is a schemata? Are they always accurate?
Our preconceived notions about a particular aspect of the world. Notions we have about a certain category. A stereotype. EX: gender roles, or religious people
What is confirmation bias?
Our propensity to favor evidence that confirms our ideas while disregarding conflicting evidence.
Prototypes tend to remain stable, but what do schematas do?
They shift and update with new information. People can be resistant to change or challenges.
What are phonemes?
Distinct units of sound and language. The sound makes up the word. It is the smallest meaningful part of language that cannot be broken down more than that. EX: C.A.T. individually, but not the word
What are morphemes?
The smallest meaningful until of language. Which includes prefixes and suffixes. Walked is two morphemes.
Phonemes combine to make what?
Morphemes.
What is babbling?
Combining consonants and vowels randomly in an attempt to practice phenomes?
What is holographic speech?
One word expresses the intent of an entire phrase or sentence. “ Bottle.” Individual word may not have meaning.
What is telegraphic speech?
These are 2- word combinations that may omit articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. For example: “ go now”
What is acquisition?
Gradually learning words over time.
What is Infand Directed Speech?
A unique manner of speaking that helps infants with segmentation, pronunciation, and better attention. It involves common , words and tonal fluctutation.
What makes it easier for children or dogs to segment and keep their attention better? Also, to help people learn more languages.
Using infant -directed speech
Noam Chomsky was a nativist who believed all humans were both with a what?
Language Acquisition Device. It is based on the theory that it is an innate mechanism, that only operates during a critical period of development.
The theory of language development that argues that linguistic ability is not innate and is acquired through reinforcement is who’s theory?
B.F’ Skinner’s Language theory
The theory that biological and social factors interact to motivate children to learn new language is the what?
Interactionist Theory : Acquisition is affected by social factors. Prompt socialization is required to develop language.
What child was unable to combine words into novel combinations because of lack of socialization?
Genie Wiley
What child was able to learn so many languages becauase she learned languages in the criticial period?
Bella
What is a critical period?
From birth to age 12 where brains are primed and efficient at processing language
What are the two brain regions that control language?
Broca’s and Wernicke’s area. Brocs is in the frontal love and Werncike is in the temporal lobe.
When people can say words clearly but there is no real meaning, what brain area is affected? For ex: Only saying the word football when being asked questions.
Wernicke’s Aphasia. They also have difficulty reading.
Patients who are unable to form words properly have what kind of damage?
Broca’s aphasia. It is difficluty making your mouth make the sounds to make to do what you want it to do. They have difficulty writing in a language. Speech sounds like mumbling. Can formulate words, but the meaning is incohesive
