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Cognitive Processes > Chapter 7: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of memory?

A

Sensory ( 3 seconds), short term ( 15 -20 seconds), and long term memory ( virtually unlimited.)

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2
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

It is the first impression of any of your senses. Such as briefly absorbing visual stimuli. Neurons fire when processing the elements, but it may not be imporatnt enough to pass to short to long term memory.

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3
Q

George Sperling

A

Research on sensory memory. Memory fades away after letters were presented.

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4
Q

Sensory memory will decay, unless you devote what to an aspect of the scene?

A

Attention

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5
Q

What is short-term memory? When will it disappear if not rehearsed to pass into long term memory?

A

Temporary storage of information for immediate use. It will dissapear after 15 - 20 seconds.

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6
Q

What is working memory?

A

This is the active manipulation component that involves actively manipulating stored information.

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7
Q

Active manipulation of multiple sensory modalities simultaneously is related to what theory?

A

Baddeley’s theory of working memory

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8
Q

What are the three subsidiary systems of Baddeley’s theory of working memory that comes after the ,” Central executive?”

A
  1. Visuospatial Sketchpad
  2. Episodic Buffer
  3. Phonological Loop
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9
Q

What is the Central Executive responsible for?

A

It contains frontal lobe activation to divide attention to the task we are trying to remember. It controls our attention and coordinates the 3 subsidiary systems.

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10
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Visualizing important stuff and ignoring everything that was in your visual field.

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11
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Rehearsal of something maintains the numbers in your short-term memory.

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12
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

It relates current experiences to memories of your life. It makes things more meaningful to you. It binds the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loops into one cohesive memory.

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13
Q

What are the three aspects of short term memory?

A

Acoustic, visual, and semantic coding.

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14
Q

The encoding of procedural and declarative memories are what type of memory?

A

Long term memory

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15
Q

Where does long-term memory store its information from?

A

Long term memory takes information from past experiences to apply them to short term memory and novel situations.

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16
Q

” Neurons that fire together, wite together,” is formed by what?

A

Hebbian learning.

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17
Q

The hippocampus links to the amygdala and olfactory bulb to remember important memories that receive priority encoding?

A

Taste aversion

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18
Q

We are more likely to encode information if it applies to what?

A

Ourselves

19
Q

Interference, retrieval failure, and possible decay are all reasons why information can be?

A

Forgotten

20
Q

A subset of implicit memory is procedural memory? What is the purpose of this form of memory?

A

It is utilized to carry out tasks automatically and is an unconscious memory.

21
Q

The recollection of previous events or knowledge gained, but not utilized on a regular basis is what type of memory?

A

It is an explicit memory, which requires conscious thought and intention to access.

22
Q

The conscious recollection of explicit memory can be divided into what two things?

A

Semantic & episodic memory

23
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

The memory of general facts and knowledge about the world. Such as state capitals.

24
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

The memory of specific events that happened to us. Like vacations.

25
Q

Memories can shift from episodic to semantic memory. What is an example?

A
  1. A memory of being petted by a cat. ( experience)
  2. Cats can be vicious ( general knowledge.)
26
Q

What is long- term potentiation?

A

It is the long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy following repeated and frequent activation between neurons.

27
Q

Memory encoding and retrieval are thought to be the activation of what?

A

Neuronal ensembles.They are a group or neurons that form connections that alter the ensembles gradually over time.

28
Q

One of the first brain regions to be affected by alzheimers is?

A

The Hippocampus

29
Q

What is the pathway of memory for Alzheimers?

A

Short term — episodic—- semantic— procedural

short term – explicit— implicit

30
Q

What region of the brain is responsible for encoding a given memory and sending the signals of activation to recall it? And the primary structure associated with imagination?

A

The hippocampus. Memories are not stored here.

31
Q

Does photographic memory exist?

A

No

32
Q

What is imagination? Slide 51

A

The act of power of forming a mental image of something not present to the senses or never before wholly perceived in reality.The hippocampus is activated, it retrieves from past memories.

33
Q

What is Aphantasia?

A

Individuals are unable to utilize visual imagery, but still have an inner monologue

34
Q

What is anauralia?

A

Not having an inner monologue

35
Q

WHo suggested that memory is a reconstructive process?

A

Bartlett. People’s memories are not always accurate representations of the past.

36
Q

Constructive Memory

A

Memories are recalled but altered

37
Q

What is priming?

A

EX: Showing a picture of a zoo and showing a fill in blank fragment completion task.

Facilitation of responding that occurs because of a presentation of a semantic of phonologically related word. ( Access or decisions once the word “nurse” is presented.” “ Fill in blanks” for word fragment.

38
Q

What is the priming example with pictures?

A

Presenting pictures before giving the set of words to fill in.

39
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Deficit in memory encoding.The inability to recall older memories. For ex: brain damage causes inability to recall things before the accident.

40
Q

What is anterograde Amnesia?

A

Deficit in memory retrieval.The inability to convert from short term to long term memory. The inability to create new memories.

41
Q

What is absent-mindedness?

A

We are worse at remembering things when our attention is divided. An inability to properly encode information we wish to remember.

42
Q

What is blocking?

A

The inability to properly retrieve information that is still stored in the brain.

43
Q

Transcience

A

Memories fade over time and lead to atrophy. If we do not activate a memory frequently enough, the neurons will start to atrophy.

44
Q

The goldfish effect implies that our attention span has been affected how?

A

It has decreased over time.

Cognitive Processes (8 decks)

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