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Biology > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Questions from Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Questions from Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do organisms get energy?

A

Organisms get the energy they need from food.

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2
Q

Food molecules contain ________ energy.

A

chemical

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3
Q

The chemical energy in food molecules is released when the bonds are ______.

A

broken

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4
Q

When are the bonds broken in food molecules?

A

The bonds are broken in food molecules during digestion.

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5
Q

A ______ is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C.

A

calorie

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6
Q

What are three types of molecules cells use for food?

A

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

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7
Q

Cells break down food molecules _________.

A

Cells break down food molecules gradually.

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8
Q

The energy stored in food molecules ____, because their chemical structure bonds differ.

A

vary

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9
Q

Cells break down food molecules _________.

A

gradually

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10
Q

Cells use the energy stored in the chemical bonds to produce ___________ that power the activities of the cell.

A

compounds (such as ATP)

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11
Q

What is the squiggly thing in the mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

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12
Q

True or false: A human that doesn’t exercise will have cristae in cells that is “looser” than an active human.

A

True

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13
Q

What carries oxygen throughout the body?

A

Blood

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14
Q

Cellular respiration is the process that what?

A

Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

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15
Q

Why can’t dead organisms digest food or go through cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen.

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16
Q

What is the chemical reaction equation for cellular respiration?

A

6 O2 + C6 H12 O6 ______> 6 CO2 _ 6 H2O + energy

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17
Q

What is the chemical reaction equation in words for cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen + Glucose _______> Carbon dioxide (as a by-product, breathing) + water + energy

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18
Q

All fluids in the cell are _____-based.

A

water

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19
Q

What type of fluid is outside the cell?

A

extracellular

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20
Q

Why does the cell have to release chemical energy in food molecules gradually?

A

If the the cell released it at once, then most of the energy would be lost in the form of heat and light.

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21
Q

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are _______ cycles.

A

opposite

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22
Q

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

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23
Q

What is the translation of glycolysis?

A

“destroy the sweet”

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24
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No, glycolysis does not require oxygen.

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25
Q

Glycolysis produces a ____ amount of energy.

A

small

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26
Q

Most of glucose’s energy remains locked in the chemical bonds of _______ ___ at the end of glycolysis.

A

pyruvic acid

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27
Q

True or false: More energy is generated from pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle.

A

True

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28
Q

What stage of cellular respiration produces the most energy?

A

the electron transport chain

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29
Q

What is the electron carrier in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

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30
Q

Pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen are ______.

A

aerobic

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31
Q

What two stages of cellular respiration require oxygen (aerobic)?

A

Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain

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32
Q

Where do the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inside the mitochondria

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33
Q

Pathways of cellular respiration that do not directly require oxygen are ________.

A

anaerobic

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34
Q

What stage of cellular respiration does not directly require oxygen (anaerobic)?

A

glycolysis

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35
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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36
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen in the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

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37
Q

The ______ of cellular respiration are the ______ of photosynthesis, and vice versa.

A

The reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis, and vice versa.

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38
Q

The release of energy by cellular respiration takes place in what?

A

Most organisms

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39
Q

The energy capture by photosynthesis occurs only in what?

A

plants, algae, and some bacteria

40
Q

How efficient is glucose?

A

66%

41
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

1 molecule of glucose (C 6) is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (C 3)

42
Q

What does glycolysis use?

A

1 molecule of glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD+

43
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?

A

4 ATP molecules

44
Q

During glycolysis, what electron carrier accepts a pair of high-energy electrons?

A

NAD+

45
Q

What does NAD+ become when it accepts the two high-energy electrons?

A

NADH

46
Q

Where does NADH carry the high-energy electrons?

A

the electron transport chain

47
Q

Why are the high-energy electrons taken to the electron transport chain?

A

The high-energy electrons will be used to produce more ATP.

48
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis?

A

2 NADH molecules

49
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce energy (ATP) for an organism.

50
Q

What are two advantages of glycolysis?

A
  1. Produces ATP very quickly (supply energy demands)

2. Does not require oxygen

51
Q

For every 1 molecule of pyruvic acid, there is _ Krebs Cycle.

A

1

52
Q

During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is _____ ___ ___ _______ _______ in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

A

During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

53
Q

Where is the pyruvic acid broken down during the Krebs Cycle?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

54
Q

When a carbon bond is broken, electrons break, what gathers the electrons?

A

NAD+

55
Q

Why is the Krebs Cycle also known as the citric acid cycle?

A

The Krebs Cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because citric acid is the first compound formed in the series of reactions.

56
Q

The matrix is the __________ compartment of the mitochondrion.

A

innermost

57
Q

When pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix, NAD+ accepts _ ____-______ _______ to form NADH.

A

2 high-energy electrons

58
Q

One molecule of ___ is immediately produced when NAD+ becomes NADH.

A

CO2

59
Q

What reacts to form acetyl-CoA?

A

the remaining 2 carbon atoms

60
Q

What combines together to produce citric acid?

A

Acetyl-CoA and a C4 molecule

61
Q

For every 1 molecule of glucose _ molecule of ATP is made during cellular respiration.

A

For every 1 molecule of glucose 1 molecule of ATP is made during cellular respiration.

62
Q

During the energy extraction of the Krebs Cycle, when one molecule of CO2 is released from the _ carbon citric acid, the acid is broken down into a 5 carbon compound.

A

During the energy extraction of the Krebs Cycle, when one molecule of CO2 is released from the 6 carbon citric acid, the acid is broken down into a 5 carbon compound.

63
Q

Every time a carbon bond is broken, energy is released, and so are ___ ________.

A

Every time a carbon bond is broken, energy is released, and so are two electrons.

64
Q

What carries the electrons from the breaking of carbon bonds for CO2?

A

NAD+

65
Q

What does NAD+ become when it picks up two electrons?

A

NADH

66
Q

There are 2 pyruvates that enter the Krebs Cycle; therefore, the Krebs Cycle must “turn” ______.

A

twice

67
Q

After the citric acid is broken down into a C5 compound, and electrons are given to NAD+, the compound then becomes a __ compound.

A

C4

68
Q

When the C4 compound’s structure changes the first time, an ___ molecule becomes an ___ molecule.

A

ADP, ATP

69
Q

When the C4 compound’s structure changes a second time, “crumbs” are dropped and ___ picks up the electrons and becomes _____.

A

When the C4 compound’s structure changes a second time, “crumbs” are dropped and FAD picks up the electrons and becomes FADH2.

70
Q

During one Krebs Cycle, _ NADPH are produced.

A

4 NADH

71
Q

During one Krebs Cycle, _ FADH2 is produced.

A

1 FADH2

72
Q

During one Krebs Cycle, _ ATP is produced.

A

1 ATP

73
Q

During one Krebs Cycle, _ molecules of CO2 are produced as by-products.

A

3 CO2

74
Q

Where do the NADH and FADH2 go after being filled?

A

to the electron transport chain

75
Q

NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to _______ _______ ______ in the electron transport chain.

A

NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain.

76
Q

Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move __ ____ against a _______ _______ across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the inter membrane space.

A

Energy generated by the electron transport chain is used to move H+ ions against a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the inter membrane space.

77
Q

The inter membrane space of the mitochondria has a _______ concentration than the inner mitochondrial membrane (matrix).

A

higher

78
Q

How do H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Through the ATP synthase (it spins)

79
Q

What is the net total of ATP molecules produced from cellular respiration?

A

36 molecules

80
Q

What is the actual total (including the replacement ATP) of molecules?

A

38 molecules

81
Q

How much energy is released as heat from cellular respiration?

A

64%

82
Q

What is cellular respiration’s efficiency?

A

66%

83
Q

Other than glucose, what are other sources that the cells can use to break down for energy?

A

Complex carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins

84
Q

What does chemiosmosis mean?

A

ion movement

85
Q

Passive movement–requires no energy

A

chemiosmosis

86
Q

An example of chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain is what?

A

the H+ ions moving from a high to low concentration

87
Q

True or False: Chemiosmosis of protons is responsible for ATP

A

True

88
Q

Lipids and proteins have a ____ energy release compared to carbohydrates.

A

slow

89
Q

How many ATP molecules are necessary to break a C6 glucose in 2 C3 pyruvates?

A

2 ATP molecules

90
Q

During the Krebs Cycle, what 2 carbon compound reacts to form acetyl-CoA?

A

acetic acid

91
Q

The only purpose for the Coenzyme A is to move the C2 acetic acid to the __ compound.

A

The only purpose for the Coenzyme A is to move the C2 acetic acid to the C4 compound.

92
Q

What is the net amount of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

93
Q

How many NADH carriers are produced during glycolysis?

A

2 NADH

94
Q

How many ATP are produced from the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 ATP

95
Q

How many ATP are produced from the electron transport chain?

A

32 ATP

96
Q

1000 calories = 1 ______ or ______

A

kilocalorie or Calorie

97
Q

___% of energy is lost when glucose is broken down in glycolysis.

A

10%

Biology (7 decks)

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