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Biology > Chapter 30: Digestive and Excretory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 30: Digestive and Excretory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the level of organization (hierarchy) for the human body?

A

molecular cells, tissues, organs, organ system, human

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2
Q

What is the body works independently?

A

Nothing

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3
Q

At each level of organization, ___ parts of the body work together to carry out major body functions.

A

all

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4
Q

What is the smallest whole unit that shows all life processes?

A

cell

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5
Q

What is the Principle of Complimentary of Structure and Function?

A

It says that function depends on structure, and the form of structure relates to function.

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6
Q

A ______ is a group of cells that perform a single function.

A

A tissue is a group of cells that perform a single function.

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7
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Nervous
  4. Muscle
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8
Q

Where does epithelial tissue line?

A

Epithelial tissue lines the interior and exterior body surfaces.

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9
Q

What are examples of epithelial tissue?

A

*skin (protection) and digestive lining (absorption)

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10
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Connective tissue provides support of the body and connects it’s parts.

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11
Q

Connective tissue includes what type of cells?

A

fat cells, bone cells, or blood cells

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12
Q

_________ is a long, tough fiber-like protein that is the most common protein in the body.

A

Collagen

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13
Q

Nerve impulses are translated through the body by ______ ______.

A

nervous tissue

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14
Q

What carries nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

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15
Q

What surrounds and protects neurons?

A

glial cells

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16
Q

Muscle tissue makes what possible?

A

Movements of the body

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17
Q

A group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a single or several related functions is called an _____.

A

organ

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18
Q

An organ system is a group of organs that what?

A

An organ system is a group of organs that perform closely related functions.

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19
Q

For example, the brain and spinal chord are organs of the what?

A

nervous system

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20
Q

What is full of white blood?

A

Lymph

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21
Q

A _______ is anything that your body makes because it needs it.

A

hormone

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22
Q

What is the “master” gland?

A

the Pituitary gland

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23
Q

___________ describes the relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in internal and external environments.

A

Homeostasis

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24
Q

Homeostasis maintains a what for healthy living?

A

balance

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25
Q

What does feedback inhibition do?

A

It stops a potentially unhealthy reaction.

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26
Q

Feedback inhibition keeps internal conditions within a certain _____, never allowing them to go too far one way or the other.

A

Feedback inhibition keeps internal conditions within a certain range, never allowing them to go too far one way or the other.

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27
Q

What part of the brain contains nerve cells that monitor both temperature of the skin at the surface of the body and the temperature of organs in the body’s core?

A

hypothalamus

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28
Q

The body’s regulation of its temperature is similar to that of a what?

A

A home heating system

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29
Q

The hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells throughout the body to speed up their activities when nerve cells sense that the core temperature has dropped below what?

A

37° C

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30
Q

The heat produced by the increased activity causes a gradual rise in body temperature, which is detected by what?

A

detected by nerve cells in the hypothalamus

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31
Q

Why do we shiver when we are cold?

A

When the body temperature drops well below its normal range, the hypothalamus releases chemicals that signal muscles just below the surface of the skin to contract involuntarily (release heat).

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32
Q

Why do we shiver when we are cold?

A

When the body temperature drops well below its normal range, the hypothalamus releases chemicals that signal muscles just below the surface of the skin to contract involuntarily (release heat).

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33
Q

Why do we shiver when we are cold?

A

When the body temperature drops well below its normal range, the hypothalamus releases chemicals that signal muscles just below the surface of the skin to contract involuntarily (release heat).

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34
Q

How does your body decrease it’s core temperature when it is too high?

A

The hypothalamus slows down cellular activities. Also, sweat is produced.

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35
Q

When proteins are broken down for energy, _______, a toxic byproduct is produced.

A

ammonia

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36
Q

The _____ converts ammonia to a less toxic substance called urea.

A

liver

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37
Q

The kidneys then remove urea from blood and then what?

A

The kidneys then remove urea from blood and then excrete it from the body.

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38
Q

skeletal

A

-

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39
Q

smooth

A

-

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40
Q

cardiac

A

-

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41
Q

The liver converts many dangerous substances (including some drugs) into what?

A

compounds that can be removed from the body safely

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42
Q

What is one of the liver’s most important roles?

A

The liver regulates the level of glucose in the blood by taking out glucose.

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43
Q

When the body needs glucose, what does the liver do to keep the level of sugar from dropping too low?

A

the liver releases stored glucose

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44
Q

Too little glucose and the _____ __ ___ _______ ______ will slow down to the point that you may lose consciousness and pass out.

A

Too little glucose and the cells of the nervous system will slow down to the point that you may lose consciousness and pass out.

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45
Q

What does too much glucose do?

A

Too much glucose gradually damages cells in the eyes, kidneys, heart, and even the immune system.

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46
Q

High levels of glucose are associated with what disease>

A

diabetes

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47
Q

Diabetes is the result of failure of ___________ with respect to blood sugar levels.

A

homeostasis

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48
Q

In diabetes, changes occur in either the ________ or ____ ____ that affect the cells’ ability to absorb glucose.

A

In diabetes, changes occur in either the pancreas or body cells that affect the cells’ ability to absorb glucose.

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49
Q

A _______ is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

A

calorie

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50
Q

One dietary Calorie equals ____ calories.

A

1000

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51
Q

_______ pathways can extract energy from any food.

A

Chemical

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52
Q

A healthy diet provides the body with raw materials to _____ and ______ body tissues, make enzymes, lipids, and DNA.

A

build and repair

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53
Q

What are substances in food that supply energy and raw materials needed for growth, repair, and maintenance?

A

nutrients

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54
Q

What are the nutrients that the body needs?

A

water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

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55
Q

What is the most important nutrient?

A

water

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56
Q

Water makes up approximately __% of blood and other fluids.

A

95%

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57
Q

Starch is an example of a what?

A

carbohydrate

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58
Q

Carbohydrates is our body’s ____ source of energy.

A

main

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59
Q

True or False: The human digestive system can break down cellulose.

A

False. It can not.

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60
Q

Fats help the body absorb what?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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61
Q

Fats are a part of what?

A

cell membranes, nerve cells, and certain hormones

62
Q

What means that it is a cancer-fighter?

A

antioxidant

63
Q

__________ is the rate your body breaks down food for energy.

A

Metabolism

64
Q

H2O breaks down into what?

A

Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

65
Q

What is excess blood sugar converted into?

A

glycogen

66
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.

*It may also be converted to and stored as body fat

67
Q

What vitamin is water-soluble and an anti-oxidant?

A

Vitamin C

68
Q

What vitamin may be toxic and it collects in the liver?

A

Vitamin E

69
Q

Small amount of vitamin _ are made in your body.

A

K

70
Q

What are the first 6 steps in the process of digestion?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Teeth
  3. Saliva
  4. Bolus (chewed up food)
  5. Pharynx (throat)
  6. Esophagus
71
Q

In the esophagus during digestion, what contracts the smooth muscles to force the bolus in the stomach?

A

peristalsis

72
Q

The 7th step in the process of digestion is what?

A

stomach

73
Q

What type of acid is in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric

74
Q

What is hydrochloric acid’s pH?

A

2

75
Q

What is the name of the substance in the substance that breaks down protein-like substances (meat) and is released in the stomach during digestion?

A

pepsin

76
Q

What compound in the mouth breaks down starches into simple sugars?

A

amylase

77
Q

What is in the lining of the stomach to neutralize acidity?

A

mucus

78
Q

The stomach communicates with what to tell it that nutrients is coming?

A

small intestine (step 8)

79
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

It stores bile.

80
Q

Bile breaks down what?

A

fats

81
Q

What monitors the amount of sugar entering the small intestine?

A

pancreas

82
Q

The 9th step of digestion is what?

A

The large intestine.

83
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

It removes water from undigested material.

*allows for solid waste

84
Q

What is the 10th step of digestion?

A

rectum (anus)

85
Q

What is partially digested food in the stomach called?

A

Chyme

86
Q

_________ digestion occurs in the chewing of food and in the twisting of the stomach.

A

Mechanical

87
Q

True or False: When the stomach is done with it’s part of digestion, it empties it’s entire contents at once.

A

False. It then goes to the small intestines.

88
Q

What is the goal of the small intestine?

A

To absorb nutrients and digest food.

*the wall deposits nutrients in the blood

89
Q

The pancreas regulates blood/glucose levels by releasing what hormone?

A

insulin

90
Q

What vitamin helps with the growth of skin cells?

A

A

91
Q

What vitamin promotes bone growth?

A

B

92
Q

What vitamin is “anti-cancer?”

A

E

93
Q

What vitamin helps blood clot?

A

K

94
Q

What vitamin gives more energy?

A

Niacin

95
Q

What vitamin is for amino acids metabolism?

A

B6

96
Q

What vitamin prevents spina bifida?

A

Folic Acid

97
Q

What vitamin prevents pernicious anemia (immature red blood cells)?

A

B12

98
Q

Calcium (dairy, tofu, kale) is for what?

A

Bone and tooth formation and blood clotting

99
Q

Iron is for what?

A

Component of hemoglobin

100
Q

Sodium (salt, processed foods) is for what?

A

Water balance

101
Q

Iodine (iodized salt) is for what?

A

Thyroid hormones

102
Q

The four phases of the digestive system are what?

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

103
Q

Food is broken down in two ways: _________ and ________ digestion.

A

mechanical and chemical

104
Q

_________ _________ is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.

A

Mechanical digestion

105
Q

During _______ _________, enzymes break down food into the smaller molecules the body can use.

A

chemical digestion

106
Q

Once food has been broken down into small molecules, it can be absorbed by the cells of the _____ ________.

A

small intestine

107
Q

The molecules then enter the _________ ______, which transports them throughout the body.

A

circulatory system

108
Q

True or False: The digestive system can not digest and absorb all food products that enter the body.

A

True

109
Q

What is the human digestive system built around?

A

an alimentary canal (a one-way tube that passes through the body)

110
Q

What begins the process of mechanical digestion?

A

Chewing

111
Q

Chemical digestion begins as _________ ______ in saliva start the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into smaller molecules.

A

digestive enzymes

112
Q

Teeth are anchored in the bones of the what?

A

jaw

113
Q

What helps moisten food and makes it easier to chew?

A

saliva

114
Q

The release of saliva is under the control of what system?

A

nervous system

115
Q

Saliva contains amylase and ________, an enzyme that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of many bacteria that enter the mouth with food.

A

lysozyme

116
Q

The brain, _____ ____, and nerves are made up of nervous tissue.

A

spinal cord

*an extension of the brain

117
Q

What system is made up of the skin?

A

integumentary system

118
Q

What system is made up of glands (growth and metabolism)?

A

endocrine system

119
Q

What system eliminates wastes from the body?

A

excretory system

120
Q

What system produces gametes?

A

reproductive

121
Q

What system breaks down food (with mechanical and chemical digestion)?

A

digestive

122
Q

What system protects the body from disease (red blood cells)?

A

immune

123
Q

What system recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes (stimuli)?

A

nervous

124
Q

What system brings in oxygen for cellular respiration?

A

respiratory

125
Q

What system transports oxygen to cells (after the respiratory)?

A

circulatory

126
Q

What system produces voluntary movement?

A

muscular

127
Q

What system protects MOST internal organs?

A

skeletal

128
Q

What system helps maintain a body temperature?

A

Endocrine (controls metabolism, digestion of food to increase temp)

129
Q

What does the body need in small amounts?

A

Vitamins and Minerals (inorganic)

130
Q

True or False: The body needs raw materials from food to build body tissues and make enzymes, lipids, and DNA.

A

True

131
Q

What nutrient proves the body with building materials for growth and repair?

A

protein

132
Q

What nutrient can be fat-soluble or water-soluble?

A

vitamins

133
Q

Nutrient needs are affected by age, ______, and lifestyle.

A

gender

134
Q

The science of nutrition is the study of what?

A

food and it’s effects on the body

135
Q

The first nutrient to be broken down by chemical digestion (amalayse) is what?

A

carbohydrates

136
Q

Villi are fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients in the _____ ________, and help increase surface area for absorption.

A

small intestine

137
Q

What is the correct order of the passage of food through the digestive system?

A 
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
138
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate do?

A

Neutralize stomach acid

139
Q

What three enzymes break down protein (in that order)?

A

pepsin, trypsin, peptidase

140
Q

Amylase breaks down what?

A

carbohydrates

141
Q

Lipase breaks down ___ after bile physically breaks it down

A

fat

142
Q

The _______ remove excess water, minerals, and other waste products from the blood.

A

kidneys

143
Q

Filtration is driven by what force?

A

gravity

144
Q

True or False: Nephrons remove all of the filtrate when it is reabsorbing.

A

True

145
Q

Where are the nephrons located?

A

kidneys

146
Q

In the nephron, what filters the blood?

A

glomerulus

147
Q

what encases the glomerulus and has waste forced on it?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

148
Q

The Loop of Henle does what?

A

conserves water and minimizes the volume of filtrate.

149
Q

Where do most vitamins store?

A

in the liver

150
Q

What is a prominent source of iodine?

A

in seafood

Biology (7 decks)

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