Chapter 30: Digestive and Excretory Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What is the level of organization (hierarchy) for the human body?
A
molecular cells, tissues, organs, organ system, human
2
Q
What is the body works independently?
A
Nothing
3
Q
At each level of organization, ___ parts of the body work together to carry out major body functions.
A
all
4
Q
What is the smallest whole unit that shows all life processes?
A
cell
5
Q
What is the Principle of Complimentary of Structure and Function?
A
It says that function depends on structure, and the form of structure relates to function.
6
Q
A ______ is a group of cells that perform a single function.
A
A tissue is a group of cells that perform a single function.
7
Q
What are the four basic types of tissue in the human body?
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscle
8
Q
Where does epithelial tissue line?
A
Epithelial tissue lines the interior and exterior body surfaces.
9
Q
What are examples of epithelial tissue?
A
*skin (protection) and digestive lining (absorption)
10
Q
What does connective tissue do?
A
Connective tissue provides support of the body and connects it’s parts.
11
Q
Connective tissue includes what type of cells?
A
fat cells, bone cells, or blood cells
12
Q
_________ is a long, tough fiber-like protein that is the most common protein in the body.
A
Collagen
13
Q
Nerve impulses are translated through the body by ______ ______.
A
nervous tissue
14
Q
What carries nerve impulses?
A
Neurons
15
Q
What surrounds and protects neurons?
A
glial cells
16
Q
Muscle tissue makes what possible?
A
Movements of the body
17
Q
A group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a single or several related functions is called an _____.
A
organ
18
Q
An organ system is a group of organs that what?
A
An organ system is a group of organs that perform closely related functions.
19
Q
For example, the brain and spinal chord are organs of the what?
A
nervous system
20
Q
What is full of white blood?
A
Lymph
21
Q
A _______ is anything that your body makes because it needs it.
A
hormone
22
Q
What is the “master” gland?
A
the Pituitary gland
23
Q
___________ describes the relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in internal and external environments.
A
Homeostasis
24
Q
Homeostasis maintains a what for healthy living?
A
balance
25
What does feedback inhibition do?
It stops a potentially unhealthy reaction.
26
Feedback inhibition keeps internal conditions within a certain _____, never allowing them to go too far one way or the other.
Feedback inhibition keeps internal conditions within a certain range, never allowing them to go too far one way or the other.
27
What part of the brain contains nerve cells that monitor both temperature of the skin at the surface of the body and the temperature of organs in the body's core?
hypothalamus
28
The body's regulation of its temperature is similar to that of a what?
A home heating system
29
The hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells throughout the body to speed up their activities when nerve cells sense that the core temperature has dropped below what?
37° C
30
The heat produced by the increased activity causes a gradual rise in body temperature, which is detected by what?
detected by nerve cells in the hypothalamus
31
Why do we shiver when we are cold?
When the body temperature drops well below its normal range, the hypothalamus releases chemicals that signal muscles just below the surface of the skin to contract involuntarily (release heat).
32
Why do we shiver when we are cold?
When the body temperature drops well below its normal range, the hypothalamus releases chemicals that signal muscles just below the surface of the skin to contract involuntarily (release heat).
33
Why do we shiver when we are cold?
When the body temperature drops well below its normal range, the hypothalamus releases chemicals that signal muscles just below the surface of the skin to contract involuntarily (release heat).
34
How does your body decrease it's core temperature when it is too high?
The hypothalamus slows down cellular activities. Also, sweat is produced.
35
When proteins are broken down for energy, _______, a toxic byproduct is produced.
ammonia
36
The _____ converts ammonia to a less toxic substance called urea.
liver
37
The kidneys then remove urea from blood and then what?
The kidneys then remove urea from blood and then excrete it from the body.
38
skeletal
-
39
smooth
-
40
cardiac
-
41
The liver converts many dangerous substances (including some drugs) into what?
compounds that can be removed from the body safely
42
What is one of the liver's most important roles?
The liver regulates the level of glucose in the blood by taking out glucose.
43
When the body needs glucose, what does the liver do to keep the level of sugar from dropping too low?
the liver releases stored glucose
44
Too little glucose and the _____ __ ___ _______ ______ will slow down to the point that you may lose consciousness and pass out.
Too little glucose and the cells of the nervous system will slow down to the point that you may lose consciousness and pass out.
45
What does too much glucose do?
Too much glucose gradually damages cells in the eyes, kidneys, heart, and even the immune system.
46
High levels of glucose are associated with what disease>
diabetes
47
Diabetes is the result of failure of ___________ with respect to blood sugar levels.
homeostasis
48
In diabetes, changes occur in either the ________ or ____ ____ that affect the cells' ability to absorb glucose.
In diabetes, changes occur in either the pancreas or body cells that affect the cells' ability to absorb glucose.
49
A _______ is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
50
One dietary Calorie equals ____ calories.
1000
51
_______ pathways can extract energy from any food.
Chemical
52
A healthy diet provides the body with raw materials to _____ and ______ body tissues, make enzymes, lipids, and DNA.
build and repair
53
What are substances in food that supply energy and raw materials needed for growth, repair, and maintenance?
nutrients
54
What are the nutrients that the body needs?
water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
55
What is the most important nutrient?
water
56
Water makes up approximately __% of blood and other fluids.
95%
57
Starch is an example of a what?
carbohydrate
58
Carbohydrates is our body's ____ source of energy.
main
59
True or False: The human digestive system can break down cellulose.
False. It can not.
60
Fats help the body absorb what?
Fat-soluble vitamins
61
Fats are a part of what?
cell membranes, nerve cells, and certain hormones
62
What means that it is a cancer-fighter?
antioxidant
63
__________ is the rate your body breaks down food for energy.
Metabolism
64
H2O breaks down into what?
Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
65
What is excess blood sugar converted into?
glycogen
66
Where is glycogen stored?
Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.
*It may also be converted to and stored as body fat
67
What vitamin is water-soluble and an anti-oxidant?
Vitamin C
68
What vitamin may be toxic and it collects in the liver?
Vitamin E
69
Small amount of vitamin _ are made in your body.
K
70
What are the first 6 steps in the process of digestion?
1. Mouth
2. Teeth
3. Saliva
4. Bolus (chewed up food)
5. Pharynx (throat)
6. Esophagus
71
In the esophagus during digestion, what contracts the smooth muscles to force the bolus in the stomach?
peristalsis
72
The 7th step in the process of digestion is what?
stomach
73
What type of acid is in the stomach?
hydrochloric
74
What is hydrochloric acid's pH?
2
75
What is the name of the substance in the substance that breaks down protein-like substances (meat) and is released in the stomach during digestion?
pepsin
76
What compound in the mouth breaks down starches into simple sugars?
amylase
77
What is in the lining of the stomach to neutralize acidity?
mucus
78
The stomach communicates with what to tell it that nutrients is coming?
small intestine (step 8)
79
What does the gall bladder do?
It stores bile.
80
Bile breaks down what?
fats
81
What monitors the amount of sugar entering the small intestine?
pancreas
82
The 9th step of digestion is what?
The large intestine.
83
What does the large intestine do?
It removes water from undigested material.
| *allows for solid waste
84
What is the 10th step of digestion?
rectum (anus)
85
What is partially digested food in the stomach called?
Chyme
86
_________ digestion occurs in the chewing of food and in the twisting of the stomach.
Mechanical
87
True or False: When the stomach is done with it's part of digestion, it empties it's entire contents at once.
False. It then goes to the small intestines.
88
What is the goal of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients and digest food.
| *the wall deposits nutrients in the blood
89
The pancreas regulates blood/glucose levels by releasing what hormone?
insulin
90
What vitamin helps with the growth of skin cells?
A
91
What vitamin promotes bone growth?
B
92
What vitamin is "anti-cancer?"
E
93
What vitamin helps blood clot?
K
94
What vitamin gives more energy?
Niacin
95
What vitamin is for amino acids metabolism?
B6
96
What vitamin prevents spina bifida?
Folic Acid
97
What vitamin prevents pernicious anemia (immature red blood cells)?
B12
98
Calcium (dairy, tofu, kale) is for what?
Bone and tooth formation and blood clotting
99
Iron is for what?
Component of hemoglobin
100
Sodium (salt, processed foods) is for what?
Water balance
101
Iodine (iodized salt) is for what?
Thyroid hormones
102
The four phases of the digestive system are what?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
103
Food is broken down in two ways: _________ and ________ digestion.
mechanical and chemical
104
_________ _________ is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
Mechanical digestion
105
During _______ _________, enzymes break down food into the smaller molecules the body can use.
chemical digestion
106
Once food has been broken down into small molecules, it can be absorbed by the cells of the _____ ________.
small intestine
107
The molecules then enter the _________ ______, which transports them throughout the body.
circulatory system
108
True or False: The digestive system can not digest and absorb all food products that enter the body.
True
109
What is the human digestive system built around?
an alimentary canal (a one-way tube that passes through the body)
110
What begins the process of mechanical digestion?
Chewing
111
Chemical digestion begins as _________ ______ in saliva start the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into smaller molecules.
digestive enzymes
112
Teeth are anchored in the bones of the what?
jaw
113
What helps moisten food and makes it easier to chew?
saliva
114
The release of saliva is under the control of what system?
nervous system
115
Saliva contains amylase and ________, an enzyme that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of many bacteria that enter the mouth with food.
lysozyme
116
The brain, _____ ____, and nerves are made up of nervous tissue.
spinal cord
*an extension of the brain
117
What system is made up of the skin?
integumentary system
118
What system is made up of glands (growth and metabolism)?
endocrine system
119
What system eliminates wastes from the body?
excretory system
120
What system produces gametes?
reproductive
121
What system breaks down food (with mechanical and chemical digestion)?
digestive
122
What system protects the body from disease (red blood cells)?
immune
123
What system recognizes and coordinates the body's response to changes (stimuli)?
nervous
124
What system brings in oxygen for cellular respiration?
respiratory
125
What system transports oxygen to cells (after the respiratory)?
circulatory
126
What system produces voluntary movement?
muscular
127
What system protects MOST internal organs?
skeletal
128
What system helps maintain a body temperature?
Endocrine (controls metabolism, digestion of food to increase temp)
129
What does the body need in small amounts?
Vitamins and Minerals (inorganic)
130
True or False: The body needs raw materials from food to build body tissues and make enzymes, lipids, and DNA.
True
131
What nutrient proves the body with building materials for growth and repair?
protein
132
What nutrient can be fat-soluble or water-soluble?
vitamins
133
Nutrient needs are affected by age, ______, and lifestyle.
gender
134
The science of nutrition is the study of what?
food and it's effects on the body
135
The first nutrient to be broken down by chemical digestion (amalayse) is what?
carbohydrates
136
Villi are fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients in the _____ ________, and help increase surface area for absorption.
small intestine
137
What is the correct order of the passage of food through the digestive system?
```
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
```
138
What does sodium bicarbonate do?
Neutralize stomach acid
139
What three enzymes break down protein (in that order)?
pepsin, trypsin, peptidase
140
Amylase breaks down what?
carbohydrates
141
Lipase breaks down ___ after bile physically breaks it down
fat
142
The _______ remove excess water, minerals, and other waste products from the blood.
kidneys
143
Filtration is driven by what force?
gravity
144
True or False: Nephrons remove all of the filtrate when it is reabsorbing.
True
145
Where are the nephrons located?
kidneys
146
In the nephron, what filters the blood?
glomerulus
147
what encases the glomerulus and has waste forced on it?
Bowman's Capsule
148
The Loop of Henle does what?
conserves water and minimizes the volume of filtrate.
149
Where do most vitamins store?
in the liver
150
What is a prominent source of iodine?
in seafood
