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Biology > Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Question from Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Question from Notes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the bases of DNA.

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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2
Q

Name the bases of RNA.

A

Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

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3
Q

A _______ usually ends with “ase.”

A

enzyme

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4
Q

What is the construction block for protein synthesis?

A

protein

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5
Q

_________ make up DNA.

A

Nucleotides make up DNA.

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6
Q

Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogenous base, C5 sugar (deoxyribose), and a _________ group.

A

phosphate

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7
Q

What is the genetic material of cells?

A

DNA

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8
Q

What carries the code to instruct what proteins (RNA) will be made?

A

the sequence of nucleotide bases in the strands of DNA

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9
Q

True or False: Nothing happens in the cell without the nucleus being involved.

A

True

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10
Q

Ribosomes only understand the language of ___.

A

Ribosomes only understand the language of RNA.

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11
Q

What are the three important differences between RNA and DNA?

A
  1. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
  2. RNA is generally single-stranded, rather than double-stranded.
  3. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
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12
Q

_____ contain coded DNA instructions that tell cells how to build proteins.

A

Genes

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13
Q

What is the first step in decoding the DNA genetic instructions?

A

copy part of the base sequence from DNA into RNA

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14
Q

What is the name of the signal that starts the protein construction and tells the RNA polymerase where to begin?

A

a promoter

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15
Q

What will always be the start codon (promoter) for proteins?

A

methionine (AUG)

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16
Q

RNA, like DNA, is a ______ ___.

A

nucleic acid

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17
Q

What makes it easy for the enzymes in the cell to tell DNA and RNA apart?

A

The chemical differences between the RNA and DNA

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18
Q

DNA is similar to the _______, while RNA is similar to the _________ in a construction job.

A

DNA is similar to the master plan, while RNA is similar to the blueprint in a construction job.

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19
Q

Where does RNA go?

A

the protein-building sites in the cytoplasm, the ribosomes

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20
Q

Most RNA molecules are involved in _______ _______ only.

A

Most RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis only.

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21
Q

RNA controls the assembly of ______ _____ into proteins.

A

amino acids

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22
Q

What are the three main types of RNA?

A
  1. ) messenger RNA
  2. ) ribosomal RNA
  3. ) transfer RNA
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23
Q

What binds to DNA during transcription and then separates the two strands?

A

RNA polymerase

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24
Q

Most genes contain instructions for what?

A

assembling amino acids into proteins

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25
Q

Messenger RNA carry what?

A

Messenger RNA carry information (the instructions) to other parts of a cell.

*take the message from the DNA out of the nucleus

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26
Q

Where are proteins assembled?

A

ribosomes

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27
Q

Ribosomes are made of two subunits. These subunits are composed of several ________ ___ molecules, and 80 different proteins.

A

Ribosomes are made of two subunits. These subunits are composed of several ribosomal RNA molecules, and 80 different proteins.

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28
Q

Transfer RNA transfers each what to the ribosome?

A

each amino acid

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29
Q

How does the tRNA know what amino acid to transfer?

A

the tRNA follow the coded message in the mRNA

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30
Q

In transcription, segments of ___ serve as templates to produce complimentary ___ molecules.

A

In transcription, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complimentary RNA molecules.

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31
Q

Most of the work of making RNA takes place during _________.

A

Most of the work of making RNA takes place during transcription.

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32
Q

RNA synthesis and protein synthesis take place in the cytoplasm of _________.

A

prokaryotes

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33
Q

In eukaryotes, RNA is produced in the cell’s ______.

A

nucleus

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34
Q

In eukaryotes, the newly-made RNA then moves where to play a role in the production of proteins?

A

the cytoplasm (ribosome)

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35
Q

RNA polymerase binds only to ________.

A

promoters

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36
Q

The portions of RNA molecules that are cut out and discarded are called ______.

A

The portions of RNA molecules that are cut out and discarded are called introns.

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37
Q

In order to get the needed end result, the ______ cleans out the RNA coding.

A

nucleus

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38
Q

In eukaryotes, introns are taken out of ____ -___ molecules while they are still in the nucleus.

A

pre- mRNA

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39
Q

The remaining pieces of the RNA, the _____, are spliced back together to form mRNA.

A

The remaining pieces of the RNA, the exons, are spliced back together to form mRNA.

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40
Q

True or False: Introns and eons definitely do not play a role in evolution.

A

False

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41
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

On the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, or freefloating

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42
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

When bonds of amino acid break, water is released.

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43
Q

The genetic code is read _ “letters” at a time.

A

3

44
Q

Each “word” to the genetic code is three bases long and corresponds to what?

A

A single amino acid

45
Q

What is the first step in decoding genetic messages?

A

Transcribe a nucleotide base sequence from DNA to RNA

46
Q

What bonds every amino bonds every amino acid?

A

A peptide bond

47
Q

Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains called ___________.

A

Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains called polypeptides.

48
Q

The specific amino acids in a polypeptide, and the order in which they are joined determine what?

A

the properties of different proteins

49
Q

What determines the shape (and structure) of a protein?

A

the sequence of amino acids

50
Q

Each three-letter (base) word in mRNA is known as a what?

A

codon

51
Q

A codon specifies a single _____ ___ to be added to the polypeptide chain.

A

amino acid

52
Q

How many possible three-base codons are there in the genetic code?

A

64

4 different bases, 3 bases
4x4x4= 64

53
Q

True or False: Many amino acids can be specified by more than one codon.

A

True

54
Q

How many different stop codons are there?

A

Three

55
Q

Ribosomes use the sequence of ______ in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.

A

Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.

56
Q

Ribosomes do not understand what language?

A

mRNA

57
Q

Ribosomes do understand what language?

A

tRNA

58
Q

The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein is a process known as what?

A

translation

59
Q

Where is mRNA transcribed?

A

in the nucleus

60
Q

After transcription, mRNA enters where?

A

the cytoplasm

61
Q

When does translation begin?

A

when a ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm

62
Q

As the ribosome reads each codon of mRNA, it directs _____ to bring the specified ______ ___ into the ribosome.

A

As the ribosome reads each codon of mRNA, it directs tRNA to bring the specified amino acid into the ribosome.

63
Q

Then, the ribosome attaches each amino acid to the growing _____.

A

chain

64
Q

True or False: Each tRNA molecule carries just one kind of amino acid.

A

True

65
Q

In addition to one type of amino acid, each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases collectively called the _________.

A

In addition to one type of amino acid, each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases collectively called the anticodon.

66
Q

The anticodon is complementary to one ____ codon.

A

The anticodon is complementary to one mRNA codon.

67
Q

If the next codon is UUC, a tRNA molecule with an ___ anticodon brings the matching amino acid, phenylalanine, into the ribosome.

A

AAG

68
Q

The ribosome helps form a peptide bond between what?

A

the first and the second amino acids

69
Q

The tRNA molecule then moves into a third bonding site, where it _____ the ribosome.

A

The tRNA molecule then moves into a third bonding site, where it exits the ribosome.

70
Q

The polypeptide change continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a what?

A

“stop” codon on the mRNA molecule

71
Q

What does the ribosome release after it reaches the “stop” codon?

A
  1. the newly formed polypeptide
  2. the mRNA molecule

this completes the process of translation

72
Q

If you were to read for the amino acid, what would you read?

A

the actual codon

73
Q

The rRNA molecules in ribosomes help hold the _______ ______ in place and help locate the beginning of the mRNA message.

A

The rRNA molecules in ribosomes help hold the ribosomal proteins in place and help locate the beginning of the mRNA message.

74
Q

What is the “central dogma” of molecular biology?

A

Information is transferred form DNA to RNA to protein

75
Q

True or False: Most genes do not contain instructions for assembling proteins.

A

False

76
Q

What is the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells?

A

Gene expression

77
Q

What are mutations?

A

Mistakes in the genetic coding

78
Q

What are the two basic categories of mutations?

A
  1. Gene mutations

2. Chromosomal mutations

79
Q

Mutations that involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes are called ___________ mutations.

A

chromosomal

80
Q

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as ____ mutations.

A

gene

81
Q

Mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides and occur at a single point in the DNA sequence are known as what?

A

point mutations

82
Q

Point mutations generally occur during replications of ___.

A

DNA

83
Q

True or False: If a gene in one cell is altered, the alteration can be passed on to every cell that develops from the original one.

A

True

84
Q

Name the three types of point mutations.

A

substitutions, insertions, and deletions

85
Q

True or False: Substitution changes the resulting amino acid.

A

True

86
Q

What happens in a substitution?

A

One base is changed to a different base

87
Q

Do substitutions affect many amino acids.

A

No, sometimes they have no effect at all.

88
Q

What are insertions and deletions?

A

Point mutations in which one base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence.

89
Q

How do insertions and deletions change the reading of the codons?

A

The bases are still read in groups of three, but now those groupings shift in every codon that follows the mutation.

90
Q

The shift of the “reading frame” that is caused by insertions and deletions is called a ________ ________.

A

The shift of the “reading frame” that is caused by insertions and deletions is called a frameshift mutation.

91
Q

What are the two types of frameshift mutations?

A

insertions and deletions

92
Q

What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

93
Q

Deletion involves the loss of ___ or ____ of a chromosome.

A

Deletion involves the loss of all or or of a chromosome.

94
Q

What does duplication produce?

A

an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome

95
Q

________ reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome.

A

Inversion

96
Q

What is something that causes change (inspires a mutation)?

A

A mutagen

97
Q

What occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another?

A

Translocation

98
Q

An example of a chromosomal mutation is what?

A

Down’s syndrome

99
Q

What type of RNA leaves the nucleus?

A

Messenger RNA

100
Q

What RNA gets the transfer RNA’s attention?

A

Ribosomal RNA

101
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

in the nucleus

102
Q

tRNA is the translator for ____.

A

mRNA

103
Q

What is a product of translation?

A

water (from dehydration synthesis)

104
Q

Where does the water from translation go?

A

Into the cytoplasm

105
Q

True or False: Mutations have little or no effect, but some can be harmful or beneficial.

A

True

106
Q

Small changes in genes gradually accumulate over time– this refers to what?

A

adaptations

Biology (7 decks)

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