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Biology > Chapter 35: Immune System and Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Immune System and Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What causes infectious diseases?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, single-celled eukaryotes, and parasites

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2
Q

What did Pasteur and Koch conclude caused infectious diseases?

A

pathogens

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3
Q

Who came up with the germ theory of disease?

A

Louis Pasteur

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4
Q

_______ are nonliving particles that replicate by inserting their genetic material into a host cell and taking over many of the host cell’s functions.

A

Viruses

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5
Q

________ cause disease by breaking down the tissues of an infected organism for food or by releasing toxins that interfere with normal activity in the host.

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Koch’s postulates are rules used for identifying the microorganism that causes a specific disease.

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7
Q

List the rules to Koch’s postulates.

A
  1. pathogen must be in body of a sick organism, not healthy one
  2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in lab
  3. the pathogen should cause the same disease in a healthy host that infected the original one
  4. infected pathogen must be isolated from the second host - should be identical
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8
Q

Many microorganisms that live and grow in the human body are _________ that are either harmless or actually beneficial.

A

symbionts

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9
Q

What’s the difference between harmless microorganisms and pathogens that cause disease?

A

The harmless obtain nutrients, grow, and reproduce without disturbing normal body functions. The pathogens cause problems.

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10
Q

_________ _____ may block blood flow through blood vessels or organs, take up the host’s nutrients, or disrupt other body functions.

A

Parasitic worms

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11
Q

How are infectious diseases spread?

A

Coughing, sneezing, physical contact, or exchange of body fluids
*contaminated food, infected animals

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12
Q

In many cases ________ are changes that help pathogens spread and infect new hosts.

A

symptoms

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13
Q

What would happen if a virus only infected one host?

A

The virus would die when the host’s immune system killed it or when the host died.

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14
Q

How are pathogens transferred by indirect contact?

A

A person sneezes, touches their mouth, touches door handle, another person touches handle

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15
Q

The ability of a virus or bacterium to cause a host to sneeze or cough is an _________ that increases transmission of the pathogen.

A

adaptation

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16
Q

How are STDs transmitted?

A

through sexual contact

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17
Q

True or False: STDs can be completely avoided even if sexual activity remains.

A

False

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18
Q

What are the body’s nonspecific defenses against pathogens?

A
  1. skin
  2. tears and excretions
  3. inflammatory response
  4. interferons
  5. fever
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19
Q

Nonspecific responses are against what?

A

a wide range of pathogens

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20
Q

What is the most widespread nonspecific defense?

A

the skin

*all cells are dead, don’t need protection

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21
Q

True or False: Very few pathogens can penetrate the layers of dead cells that form the skin’s surface.

A

True

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22
Q

Saliva, mucus, and tears contain ________, an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

A

lysozyme

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23
Q

What destroys many pathogens that are swallowed?

A

stomach secretions

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24
Q

The second line of defense includes what?

A
  1. the inflammatory response
  2. the actions of interferons
  3. fever
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25
Q

Inflammatory response begins when pathogens stimulate ____ cells to release histamines.

A

mast

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26
Q

This response usually occurs where?

A

At the injury site

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27
Q

__________ increase the flow of blood and fluids to the affected area.

A

Histamines

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28
Q

The blood vessels begin to ______, which causes the warmth.

A

dilate

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29
Q

Fluid then leaks from the vessels and causes the are to _____.

A

swell

30
Q

What move into the tissue and engulf bacteria?

A

phagocytes

31
Q

Many of these _____ blood cells are phagocytes.

A

White

32
Q

All of this activity around the wound may cause a rise in temperature called a what?

A

local fever

33
Q

When viruses infect body cells, certain host cells produce ________ that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins and help block viral replication.

A

interpherons

34
Q

Interferons ____ ____ the progress of infection.

A

slow down

35
Q

A fever is produced when the immune system increases chemicals to increase body temperature to what?

A

slow down or stop the growth of some pathogens

36
Q

The immune system’s distinguish between “self” and “_____,” and they inactivate or kill any foreign substance or cell that enters the body.

A

other

37
Q

Why is the ability to recognize “self” important?

A

Because the immune system can harm itself and the body cells (autoimmune deficiency)

38
Q

True or False: Once the immune system recognizes invaders as “others” it uses cellular and chemical weapons to attack them.

A

True

39
Q

After encountering a specific invader, the immune system remembers the invader. What does this do?

A

this enables a more rapid and effective response if that same pathogen or a similar one attacks again

40
Q

This recognition, response, and memory is called what?

A

the immune response

41
Q

An _______ is any foreign substance that can stimulate an immune response.

A

antigen

42
Q

Where are antigens typically located?

A

the outer surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or parasites

43
Q

How does the immune system respond to antigens?

A

By increasing the number of cells that attack the invaders directly or that produce antibodies.

44
Q

What is the main role of an antibody?

A

to tag antigens for destruction by immune cells

45
Q

Where do antibodies free-float if they are not attached to a particular immune cell?

A

blood

46
Q

The body makes up to __ billion different antibodies.

A

10

47
Q

True or False: The shape of each type of antibody allows it to attach to one specific antigen.

A

True

48
Q

For every antibody your body produces, there is what?

A

For every antibody your body produces, there is an antibody to destroy it.

49
Q

The ________ on an antigen are specific for a certain antigen.

A

receptors

50
Q

The main working cells of the immune responses are B ___________ (B cells) and T ___________ (T cells).

A

The main working cells of the immune responses are B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).

51
Q

Where are B cells produced and where do they mature?

A

the red bone marrow

52
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are a group of white blood cells.

53
Q

Where do the B cells carry the embedded antibodies?

A

On their surface

54
Q

_ cells discover antigens in body fluids.

A

B cells

55
Q

T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the ______.

A

T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus*.
*an endocrine gland

56
Q

Why must T cells be presented with an antigen by body infected body cells or immune cells that have encountered antigens?

A

Because T cells do not have an antibody to drive them to an antigen

57
Q

Each B and T cell is capable of recognizing one specific what?

A

antigen

58
Q

What determines the particular B and T cells that are produced?

A

the person’s genes

59
Q

When mature, where do both types of cells travel to to encounter antigens?

A

T cells and B cells travel to lymph nodes and the spleen

60
Q

Lymph nodes are similar to cotton balls in their fuzz structure and they are actively doing what?

A

trying to kill pathogens (enlarge)

61
Q

What are the two main styles of specific immunity responses?

A

humoral and cell-mediated

62
Q

What type of response defends against antigens in body fluids (B cells play a major role)?

A

humoral immunity

63
Q

The antibodies on the surfaces of a a few existing B cells recognize the ________ when a pathogen invades the body.

A

antigens

64
Q

The antibody’s shape enables it to recognize a specific what?

A

Its corresponding antigen’s shape

65
Q

When an antigen binds to an antibody carried by a B cell, what stimulates the B cell to grow and divide rapidly?

A

T cells

66
Q

That growth and division produces many B cells of two types. What are they?

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

67
Q

______ cells produce and release antibodies that are carried through the bloodstream.

A

Plasma

68
Q

These antibodies recognize and bind to what?

A

free-floating antigens on the surfaces of pathogens

69
Q

When antibodies bind to antigens, they signal to other parts of the immune system to do what?

A

attack and destroy invaders

70
Q

Each type of antibody in the body can bind to what?

A

a different type of antigen

71
Q

True or False: T cells always carry antibodies.

A

False

72
Q

Why do T cells need to be presented to an antigen?

A

T cells do not have an antibody to drive it to the antigen.

Biology (7 decks)

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