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Chapter 35: Immune System and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What causes infectious diseases?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, single-celled eukaryotes, and parasites

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2
Q

What did Pasteur and Koch conclude caused infectious diseases?

A

pathogens

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3
Q

Who came up with the germ theory of disease?

A

Louis Pasteur

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4
Q

_______ are nonliving particles that replicate by inserting their genetic material into a host cell and taking over many of the host cell’s functions.

A

Viruses

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5
Q

________ cause disease by breaking down the tissues of an infected organism for food or by releasing toxins that interfere with normal activity in the host.

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Koch’s postulates are rules used for identifying the microorganism that causes a specific disease.

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7
Q

List the rules to Koch’s postulates.

A
  1. pathogen must be in body of a sick organism, not healthy one
  2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in lab
  3. the pathogen should cause the same disease in a healthy host that infected the original one
  4. infected pathogen must be isolated from the second host - should be identical
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8
Q

Many microorganisms that live and grow in the human body are _________ that are either harmless or actually beneficial.

A

symbionts

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9
Q

What’s the difference between harmless microorganisms and pathogens that cause disease?

A

The harmless obtain nutrients, grow, and reproduce without disturbing normal body functions. The pathogens cause problems.

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10
Q

_________ _____ may block blood flow through blood vessels or organs, take up the host’s nutrients, or disrupt other body functions.

A

Parasitic worms

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11
Q

How are infectious diseases spread?

A

Coughing, sneezing, physical contact, or exchange of body fluids
*contaminated food, infected animals

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12
Q

In many cases ________ are changes that help pathogens spread and infect new hosts.

A

symptoms

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13
Q

What would happen if a virus only infected one host?

A

The virus would die when the host’s immune system killed it or when the host died.

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14
Q

How are pathogens transferred by indirect contact?

A

A person sneezes, touches their mouth, touches door handle, another person touches handle

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15
Q

The ability of a virus or bacterium to cause a host to sneeze or cough is an _________ that increases transmission of the pathogen.

A

adaptation

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16
Q

How are STDs transmitted?

A

through sexual contact

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17
Q

True or False: STDs can be completely avoided even if sexual activity remains.

A

False

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18
Q

What are the body’s nonspecific defenses against pathogens?

A
  1. skin
  2. tears and excretions
  3. inflammatory response
  4. interferons
  5. fever
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19
Q

Nonspecific responses are against what?

A

a wide range of pathogens

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20
Q

What is the most widespread nonspecific defense?

A

the skin

*all cells are dead, don’t need protection

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21
Q

True or False: Very few pathogens can penetrate the layers of dead cells that form the skin’s surface.

A

True

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22
Q

Saliva, mucus, and tears contain ________, an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

A

lysozyme

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23
Q

What destroys many pathogens that are swallowed?

A

stomach secretions

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24
Q

The second line of defense includes what?

A
  1. the inflammatory response
  2. the actions of interferons
  3. fever
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25
Inflammatory response begins when pathogens stimulate ____ cells to release histamines.
mast
26
This response usually occurs where?
At the injury site
27
__________ increase the flow of blood and fluids to the affected area.
Histamines
28
The blood vessels begin to ______, which causes the warmth.
dilate
29
Fluid then leaks from the vessels and causes the are to _____.
swell
30
What move into the tissue and engulf bacteria?
phagocytes
31
Many of these _____ blood cells are phagocytes.
White
32
All of this activity around the wound may cause a rise in temperature called a what?
local fever
33
When viruses infect body cells, certain host cells produce ________ that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins and help block viral replication.
interpherons
34
Interferons ____ ____ the progress of infection.
slow down
35
A fever is produced when the immune system increases chemicals to increase body temperature to what?
slow down or stop the growth of some pathogens
36
The immune system's distinguish between "self" and "_____," and they inactivate or kill any foreign substance or cell that enters the body.
other
37
Why is the ability to recognize "self" important?
Because the immune system can harm itself and the body cells (autoimmune deficiency)
38
True or False: Once the immune system recognizes invaders as "others" it uses cellular and chemical weapons to attack them.
True
39
After encountering a specific invader, the immune system remembers the invader. What does this do?
this enables a more rapid and effective response if that same pathogen or a similar one attacks again
40
This recognition, response, and memory is called what?
the immune response
41
An _______ is any foreign substance that can stimulate an immune response.
antigen
42
Where are antigens typically located?
the outer surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or parasites
43
How does the immune system respond to antigens?
By increasing the number of cells that attack the invaders directly or that produce antibodies.
44
What is the main role of an antibody?
to tag antigens for destruction by immune cells
45
Where do antibodies free-float if they are not attached to a particular immune cell?
blood
46
The body makes up to __ billion different antibodies.
10
47
True or False: The shape of each type of antibody allows it to attach to one specific antigen.
True
48
For every antibody your body produces, there is what?
For every antibody your body produces, there is an antibody to destroy it.
49
The ________ on an antigen are specific for a certain antigen.
receptors
50
The main working cells of the immune responses are B ___________ (B cells) and T ___________ (T cells).
The main working cells of the immune responses are B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).
51
Where are B cells produced and where do they mature?
the red bone marrow
52
What are lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes are a group of white blood cells.
53
Where do the B cells carry the embedded antibodies?
On their surface
54
_ cells discover antigens in body fluids.
B cells
55
T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the ______.
T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus*. *an endocrine gland
56
Why must T cells be presented with an antigen by body infected body cells or immune cells that have encountered antigens?
Because T cells do not have an antibody to drive them to an antigen
57
Each B and T cell is capable of recognizing one specific what?
antigen
58
What determines the particular B and T cells that are produced?
the person's genes
59
When mature, where do both types of cells travel to to encounter antigens?
T cells and B cells travel to lymph nodes and the spleen
60
Lymph nodes are similar to cotton balls in their fuzz structure and they are actively doing what?
trying to kill pathogens (enlarge)
61
What are the two main styles of specific immunity responses?
humoral and cell-mediated
62
What type of response defends against antigens in body fluids (B cells play a major role)?
humoral immunity
63
The antibodies on the surfaces of a a few existing B cells recognize the ________ when a pathogen invades the body.
antigens
64
The antibody's shape enables it to recognize a specific what?
Its corresponding antigen's shape
65
When an antigen binds to an antibody carried by a B cell, what stimulates the B cell to grow and divide rapidly?
T cells
66
That growth and division produces many B cells of two types. What are they?
plasma cells and memory B cells
67
______ cells produce and release antibodies that are carried through the bloodstream.
Plasma
68
These antibodies recognize and bind to what?
free-floating antigens on the surfaces of pathogens
69
When antibodies bind to antigens, they signal to other parts of the immune system to do what?
attack and destroy invaders
70
Each type of antibody in the body can bind to what?
a different type of antigen
71
True or False: T cells always carry antibodies.
False
72
Why do T cells need to be presented to an antigen?
T cells do not have an antibody to drive it to the antigen.

Biology (7 decks)

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