Chapter 9 Cell Cycle

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

genetic material of organism; complete compliment of genes

Question 2

chromatid

Answer 2

one copy of newly copied chromosome joined together copy by centromere

Question 3

sister chromatid

Answer 3

both identical copies (chromatid) made by replication of single chromosome

Question 4

diploid

Answer 4

two sets of chromosomes

Question 5

haploid

Answer 5

one set of chromosomes

Question 6

cell cycle

Answer 6

events in cell that take place as it grows/divides

Question 7

metaphase plate

Answer 7

imaginary structure in plate between poles of cell in metaphase

Question 8

gametes

Answer 8

sex cells

Question 9

somatic cells

Answer 9

body cells (any cells that aren’t germ line)

Question 10

kinetochores

Answer 10

protein that forms on chromatid, allows spindle fibers to attach on chromosome

Question 11

aster

Answer 11

star shaped structure formed around each centrosome during mitosis in animal cell. Microtubules radiate around it

Question 12

Mitosis occurs in what type of cells?

Answer 12

somatic cells

Question 13

How does mitosis impact chromosome number of daughter cells compared to parent?

Answer 13

daughter cells are genetic copies with same number of chromosomes

Question 14

what are the two phases of the cell cycle

Answer 14

1. mitotic phase: mitosis and cytokinesis (shortest)

2. interphase: cell spends 90% of life in this phase, cells copies DNA and prepares for mitosis

Question 15

What are the sub phases of interphase

Answer 15

Gap 1
Synthesis
Gap 2`

Question 16

G1

Answer 16

first of four phases in cell cycle, cell synthesized mRNA and proteins to prepare for mitosis

Question 17

S phase

Answer 17

DNA is replicated between G1/G2

Question 18

G2

Answer 18

last sub phase of interphase after S phase

Question 19

5 stages of mitosis

Answer 19

1. prophase
2. prometaphase
3. metaphase
4. ananphase
5. telophase and cytokinesis

Question 20

prophase in mitosis

Answer 20

• chromatin condense

- miotic spindle begins to form and nucleus disappears but nucleus intact

Question 21

prometaphase in mitosis

Answer 21

• nuclear envelope fragments

- spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores aligned at metaphase plate

Question 22

metaphase in mitosis

Answer 22

• spindle is complete

- chromosomes attached to microtubules at kinetochores align at metaphase plate

Question 23

anaphase in mitosis

Answer 23

• chromatids of each chromosome separate

- daughter chromosomes move toward poles

Question 24

telophase in mitosis

Answer 24

• daughter nuclei forming

- cytokinesis begins

Question 25

What factors contribute to chromosome movement?

Answer 25

1. shortening of chromosomal fivers that move chromosomes to poles of spindle 2. elongation of spindle body--> further separates chromosomes

Question 26

contractile ring theory/ cleavage furrow

Answer 26

cytokinesis starts by formation of cleavage *the cytoplasmic side of furrow with contractile ring of actin microfilaments with protein myosin. The actin filaments interact with myosin to make ring contract

Question 27

main proteins in contractile ring

Answer 27

actin microfilament and myosin

Question 28

Plant cell division

Answer 28

cell plate will mature into cell and plasma membrane between two daughter cells

Question 29

main proteins in plant cell division

Answer 29

actin and myosin

Question 30

Rao and Johnson cell fusion experiment conclusion

Answer 30

cell cycle is regulated by molecule in cytoplasm

Question 31

Rao and Johnson cell fusion experiment

Answer 31

took nucleus of cells in different stages in cell cycles and fused them together. Found the the cell in later stage of cycle would jump to stage other cell was at

Question 32

G1 checkpoint

Answer 32

restriction checkpoint, if cell doesn't pass will go into G0 o if passes will continue to mitosis

Question 33

M checkpoint

Answer 33

checks for full chromosome attachment then cell proceeds

Question 34

subunits of MPF

Answer 34

cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) & cyclin

Question 35

how does MPF regulate cell cycle?

Answer 35

concentration of cyclin hit critical point at M phase then drops off

Question 36

What is maturation promoting factor (MPF)

Answer 36

cell cycle checkpoint that regulates passages of cell from G2 growth phase to M phase (G2 checkpoint)

Question 37

growing properties of cancer

Answer 37

- immortal - metastasize - no contact inhibition

Question 38

Six hallmarks of cancer

Answer 38

1. self sufficiency in growth signals 2. insensitivity to antigrowth signals 3. evading apoptosis (death cell)\ 4. limitless replicating potential 5. sustained angiogenesis 6. tissue invasion and metastasis

Question 39

immunotherapy

Answer 39

cancer treatment o boost body's natural defense to fight cancer. Uses materials in body/synthetic to target/restore immune system function

Question 40

CTLA-4 cancer treatment

Answer 40

block CTLA-4 from B7 so T-cells stay on to stimulate immune system to work harder