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Biology 1500 Gibson > Chapter 9 Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genome

A

genetic material of organism; complete compliment of genes

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2
Q

chromatid

A

one copy of newly copied chromosome joined together copy by centromere

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3
Q

sister chromatid

A

both identical copies (chromatid) made by replication of single chromosome

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4
Q

diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes

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5
Q

haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

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6
Q

cell cycle

A

events in cell that take place as it grows/divides

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7
Q

metaphase plate

A

imaginary structure in plate between poles of cell in metaphase

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8
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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9
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells (any cells that aren’t germ line)

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10
Q

kinetochores

A

protein that forms on chromatid, allows spindle fibers to attach on chromosome

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11
Q

aster

A

star shaped structure formed around each centrosome during mitosis in animal cell. Microtubules radiate around it

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12
Q

Mitosis occurs in what type of cells?

A

somatic cells

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13
Q

How does mitosis impact chromosome number of daughter cells compared to parent?

A

daughter cells are genetic copies with same number of chromosomes

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14
Q

what are the two phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. mitotic phase: mitosis and cytokinesis (shortest)

2. interphase: cell spends 90% of life in this phase, cells copies DNA and prepares for mitosis

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15
Q

What are the sub phases of interphase

A

Gap 1
Synthesis
Gap 2`

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16
Q

G1

A

first of four phases in cell cycle, cell synthesized mRNA and proteins to prepare for mitosis

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17
Q

S phase

A

DNA is replicated between G1/G2

18
Q

G2

A

last sub phase of interphase after S phase

19
Q

5 stages of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. ananphase
  5. telophase and cytokinesis
20
Q

prophase in mitosis

A
  • chromatin condense

- miotic spindle begins to form and nucleus disappears but nucleus intact

21
Q

prometaphase in mitosis

A
  • nuclear envelope fragments

- spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores aligned at metaphase plate

22
Q

metaphase in mitosis

A
  • spindle is complete

- chromosomes attached to microtubules at kinetochores align at metaphase plate

23
Q

anaphase in mitosis

A
  • chromatids of each chromosome separate

- daughter chromosomes move toward poles

24
Q

telophase in mitosis

A
  • daughter nuclei forming

- cytokinesis begins

25
Q

What factors contribute to chromosome movement?

A
  1. shortening of chromosomal fivers that move chromosomes to poles of spindle
  2. elongation of spindle body–> further separates chromosomes
26
Q

contractile ring theory/ cleavage furrow

A

cytokinesis starts by formation of cleavage
*the cytoplasmic side of furrow with contractile ring of actin microfilaments with protein myosin. The actin filaments interact with myosin to make ring contract

27
Q

main proteins in contractile ring

A

actin microfilament and myosin

28
Q

Plant cell division

A

cell plate will mature into cell and plasma membrane between two daughter cells

29
Q

main proteins in plant cell division

A

actin and myosin

30
Q

Rao and Johnson cell fusion experiment conclusion

A

cell cycle is regulated by molecule in cytoplasm

31
Q

Rao and Johnson cell fusion experiment

A

took nucleus of cells in different stages in cell cycles and fused them together. Found the the cell in later stage of cycle would jump to stage other cell was at

32
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

restriction checkpoint, if cell doesn’t pass will go into G0 o if passes will continue to mitosis

33
Q

M checkpoint

A

checks for full chromosome attachment then cell proceeds

34
Q

subunits of MPF

A

cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) & cyclin

35
Q

how does MPF regulate cell cycle?

A

concentration of cyclin hit critical point at M phase then drops off

36
Q

What is maturation promoting factor (MPF)

A

cell cycle checkpoint that regulates passages of cell from G2 growth phase to M phase
(G2 checkpoint)

37
Q

growing properties of cancer

A
  • immortal
  • metastasize
  • no contact inhibition
38
Q

Six hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. self sufficiency in growth signals
  2. insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  3. evading apoptosis (death cell)\
  4. limitless replicating potential
  5. sustained angiogenesis
  6. tissue invasion and metastasis
39
Q

immunotherapy

A

cancer treatment o boost body’s natural defense to fight cancer. Uses materials in body/synthetic to target/restore immune system function

40
Q

CTLA-4 cancer treatment

A

block CTLA-4 from B7 so T-cells stay on to stimulate immune system to work harder

Biology 1500 Gibson (9 decks)

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