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Biology 1500 Gibson > Ch 13 Molecular Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

Ch 13 Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

lagging strands (okazaki fragments)

A
  • one of two strands of DNA at replication fork

- lagging strand has delay before it’s replicated and must be replicated discontinuously in small fragments

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2
Q

leading strand

A

strand that is synthesized continuously during replication

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3
Q

replication fork

A

y-shaped region in chromosome that serves as growing site for DNA replication

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4
Q

Codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides that together from unit genetic code in DNA/RNA

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5
Q

init-codon

A

sequence of three nucleotides forming unit of genetic code in tRNA, corresponding complementary codon in mRNA

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6
Q

point mutation

A

mutation affecting one or few nucleotides in gene sequence

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7
Q

central dogma

A
  • DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins

- DNA is molecule of heredity that passes from parents to offspring, contains instruction for building RNA and proteins

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8
Q

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty

A

Took mixture of heat killed S cells and living R cells and tested to see what caused transformation of R strand to S strand
***RNA & proteins not transforming principal DNA IS TRANSFORMING PRINCIPAL

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9
Q

Chargaff DNA analysis experiment

A

Used paper chromatography to separate DNA & UV spectrometry used to analyze amounts of bases

  • **base composition of DNA varies between species
  • **A&T equal to G&C
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10
Q

Franklin

A

Got best x-ray diffraction of DNA w/x-ray crystallography to learn DNA structure (photo 51)
-Wilikins hares data w/Watson and Crick

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11
Q

R. Griffith’s Mouse experiment

A 
Goal:develop vaccine against pneumonia
Procedure: Injected mice w/diff bacteria
living S cells-->dies
living R cells-->lives
heat killed S cells-->lives
mixture heat-killed S cells & living R cells-->dies
Conclusion:living R bacteria transformed
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12
Q

R. Griffith’s Mouse conclusion

A

Conclusion: living R bacteria transformed into pathogenic S bacteria, unknown inheritable substance changed R cells- to S cells
Results: coined “transformation” now known as change in genotype and phenotype from assimilation of foreign DNA

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13
Q

Hersey & Chase T4 bacteriophage experiment

A

Procedure: took mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cell and tested to see what cause transformation of R strand into S strand

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14
Q

Hersey & Chase T4 bacteriophage conclusion

A

RNA and proteins aren’t transforming principal DNA IS TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE

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15
Q

meselson and stahl experiment

A

used centrifuge to separate DNA

  • heavy isotopes at bottom lighter at top
  • looked to see where samples where at end of replication
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16
Q

meselson and stahl conclusion

A 
1st round
Conservation model (incorrect)
-parent at bottom daughter at top
Semi conservative 
-sediment toward middle
Dispersive
-sediment toward middle

2nd round
conservative (incorrect)
semiconservative(correct)
-bands toward top hybrid in middle
Dispersive (incorrect)
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17
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Came up w/model for DNA structure

**solved structure of DNA w/franklins data

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18
Q

Components of nucleotide

A
  • sugar (deoxyribose)
  • phosphate (1 phosphorous atom joined to 4 oxygen)
  • base (one of A,G,G,T)
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19
Q

Features of DNA

A
  • double helix
  • sugar phosphate backbone
  • strands anti-parallel 5’–>3’ to 3’–>5’
  • bases in middle
20
Q

Number of H-bonds between A-T

21
Q

Number of H-bonds between G-C

22
Q

where does replication occur in cell

23
Q

how does replication start

A

RNA polymerase II transcribes polyadenylation signal sequence

24
Q

how des replication terminate

A

RNA transcriptase releases 1-25 nucleotides past ployadenlation sequence

25
Three DNA replication models
Conservative Dispersive Semiconservative
26
Conservative DNA replication model
parent strand unzips and makes two new parents and two new replicated strands
27
Dispersive DNA replication model
part of parent strand and part of new strand come together to make two new strands with parts of parent and daughter strands
28
Semiconservative
parent strand unzips and daughter strand is transcribed from parent strand
29
Helicase
1. opens DNA helix
30
Single stranded DNA bonding proteins
2. prevent helix fro closing (keep helix open)
31
topoisomerase (gyrase)
3. releases supercoiling when DNA twisted up
32
primase
4. adds RNA primer b/c free OH required | * **now replication can occur
33
DNA polymerase III
5. adds new nucleotide to daughter DNA strand - moves 3'-->5' - lagging strands okazaki fragments
34
DNA polymerase II
6. removes primes adds new nucleotides
35
DNA ligase
7. seals nicks in laggin strand
36
what way does replication occur
5'-->3'
37
what is required for DNA replication to occur
3' OH group | template strand
38
Proteins involved in repairing incorrectly paired nucleotides
DNA polymerase-->lay down new nucleotides | DNA ligase-->seals it up
39
Mismatch repair system
when DNA polymerase puts in wrong base pair and other enzymes have to fix mistake
40
Proteins involved in mismatch repair
nuclease--> cuts out bad DNA DNA polymerase/DNA ligase-->fix it -called nucleotide excision repair
41
gene cloning
when gene is inserted in plasmid that is put into bacteria cell for further replication with new gene
42
Applications of gene cloning
insert different genes into different organisms - bacteria used to clean toxic waste - proteins disable blood clots in hear attack therapy
43
what are restriction enzymes?
cuts DNA molecule at/near sequence of bases
44
what is used to make recombinant DNA?
restriction enzymes
45
Purpose of gel electrophoresis
* **used to separate macromolecules - fragments separated by size - proteins repeated by size and charge
46
HIV antiviral AZT
AZT is retroviral to stop HIV replication - has similar structure to HIV * **missing 3' OH group w/o can't replicate

Biology 1500 Gibson (9 decks)

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