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Biology 1500 Gibson > Ch 13 Molecular Basis of Inheritance > Flashcards

Ch 13 Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

lagging strands (okazaki fragments)

A
  • one of two strands of DNA at replication fork

- lagging strand has delay before it’s replicated and must be replicated discontinuously in small fragments

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2
Q

leading strand

A

strand that is synthesized continuously during replication

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3
Q

replication fork

A

y-shaped region in chromosome that serves as growing site for DNA replication

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4
Q

Codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides that together from unit genetic code in DNA/RNA

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5
Q

init-codon

A

sequence of three nucleotides forming unit of genetic code in tRNA, corresponding complementary codon in mRNA

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6
Q

point mutation

A

mutation affecting one or few nucleotides in gene sequence

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7
Q

central dogma

A
  • DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins

- DNA is molecule of heredity that passes from parents to offspring, contains instruction for building RNA and proteins

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8
Q

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty

A

Took mixture of heat killed S cells and living R cells and tested to see what caused transformation of R strand to S strand
***RNA & proteins not transforming principal DNA IS TRANSFORMING PRINCIPAL

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9
Q

Chargaff DNA analysis experiment

A

Used paper chromatography to separate DNA & UV spectrometry used to analyze amounts of bases

  • **base composition of DNA varies between species
  • **A&T equal to G&C
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10
Q

Franklin

A

Got best x-ray diffraction of DNA w/x-ray crystallography to learn DNA structure (photo 51)
-Wilikins hares data w/Watson and Crick

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11
Q

R. Griffith’s Mouse experiment

A 
Goal:develop vaccine against pneumonia
Procedure: Injected mice w/diff bacteria
living S cells-->dies
living R cells-->lives
heat killed S cells-->lives
mixture heat-killed S cells & living R cells-->dies
Conclusion:living R bacteria transformed
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12
Q

R. Griffith’s Mouse conclusion

A

Conclusion: living R bacteria transformed into pathogenic S bacteria, unknown inheritable substance changed R cells- to S cells
Results: coined “transformation” now known as change in genotype and phenotype from assimilation of foreign DNA

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13
Q

Hersey & Chase T4 bacteriophage experiment

A

Procedure: took mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cell and tested to see what cause transformation of R strand into S strand

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14
Q

Hersey & Chase T4 bacteriophage conclusion

A

RNA and proteins aren’t transforming principal DNA IS TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE

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15
Q

meselson and stahl experiment

A

used centrifuge to separate DNA

  • heavy isotopes at bottom lighter at top
  • looked to see where samples where at end of replication
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16
Q

meselson and stahl conclusion

A 
1st round
Conservation model (incorrect)
-parent at bottom daughter at top
Semi conservative 
-sediment toward middle
Dispersive
-sediment toward middle
2nd round
conservative (incorrect)
semiconservative(correct)
-bands toward top hybrid in middle
Dispersive (incorrect)
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17
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Came up w/model for DNA structure

**solved structure of DNA w/franklins data

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18
Q

Components of nucleotide

A
  • sugar (deoxyribose)
  • phosphate (1 phosphorous atom joined to 4 oxygen)
  • base (one of A,G,G,T)
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19
Q

Features of DNA

A
  • double helix
  • sugar phosphate backbone
  • strands anti-parallel 5’–>3’ to 3’–>5’
  • bases in middle
20
Q

Number of H-bonds between A-T

A

two

21
Q

Number of H-bonds between G-C

A

three

22
Q

where does replication occur in cell

A

nucleus

23
Q

how does replication start

A

RNA polymerase II transcribes polyadenylation signal sequence

24
Q

how des replication terminate

A

RNA transcriptase releases 1-25 nucleotides past ployadenlation sequence

25
Q

Three DNA replication models

A

Conservative
Dispersive
Semiconservative

26
Q

Conservative DNA replication model

A

parent strand unzips and makes two new parents and two new replicated strands

27
Q

Dispersive DNA replication model

A

part of parent strand and part of new strand come together to make two new strands with parts of parent and daughter strands

28
Q

Semiconservative

A

parent strand unzips and daughter strand is transcribed from parent strand

29
Q

Helicase

A
  1. opens DNA helix
30
Q

Single stranded DNA bonding proteins

A
  1. prevent helix fro closing (keep helix open)
31
Q

topoisomerase (gyrase)

A
  1. releases supercoiling when DNA twisted up
32
Q

primase

A
  1. adds RNA primer b/c free OH required

* **now replication can occur

33
Q

DNA polymerase III

A
  1. adds new nucleotide to daughter DNA strand
    - moves 3’–>5’
    - lagging strands okazaki fragments
34
Q

DNA polymerase II

A
  1. removes primes adds new nucleotides
35
Q

DNA ligase

A
  1. seals nicks in laggin strand
36
Q

what way does replication occur

A

5’–>3’

37
Q

what is required for DNA replication to occur

A

3’ OH group

template strand

38
Q

Proteins involved in repairing incorrectly paired nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase–>lay down new nucleotides

DNA ligase–>seals it up

39
Q

Mismatch repair system

A

when DNA polymerase puts in wrong base pair and other enzymes have to fix mistake

40
Q

Proteins involved in mismatch repair

A

nuclease–> cuts out bad DNA
DNA polymerase/DNA ligase–>fix it
-called nucleotide excision repair

41
Q

gene cloning

A

when gene is inserted in plasmid that is put into bacteria cell for further replication with new gene

42
Q

Applications of gene cloning

A

insert different genes into different organisms

  • bacteria used to clean toxic waste
  • proteins disable blood clots in hear attack therapy
43
Q

what are restriction enzymes?

A

cuts DNA molecule at/near sequence of bases

44
Q

what is used to make recombinant DNA?

A

restriction enzymes

45
Q

Purpose of gel electrophoresis

A
  • **used to separate macromolecules
  • fragments separated by size
  • proteins repeated by size and charge
46
Q

HIV antiviral AZT

A

AZT is retroviral to stop HIV replication

  • has similar structure to HIV
  • **missing 3’ OH group w/o can’t replicate

Biology 1500 Gibson (9 decks)

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