Chapter 9 - Cardiovascular

Question 1

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 1

• Thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls.
• “Hardening of the arteries”

Question 2

Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

Thickening of the arterial wall caused by accumulation of lipids, macrophages, T-cells, smooth muscle cells, ECM, Ca, and necrotic debris.

Question 3

Myocarditis

Answer 3

• Acute or chronic inflammatory condition of the muscular walls of the heart.
• Due to viral or bacterial infection.

Question 4

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 4

• Mechanical or electrical dysfunction of the heart, causing inappropriate hypertrophy or dilation of the ventricles.
• Results in impaired contraction and relaxation of the myocardial muscle fibers.

Question 5

Pericarditis

Answer 5

Inflammation of the periosteum (double-layer membrane surrounding the heart).

Question 6

Aneurysm

Answer 6

• Abnormal stretching of the wall of a vein or artery.
• “ballooning or the blood vessels”

Question 7

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Answer 7

Pathology of the blood vessels and major abdominal organs that causes decreased circulation to that area.

Question 8

When is BP high enough to contraindicate exercises?

Answer 8

> 200/>100 mmHg

Question 9

When is tachycardia high enough to contraindicate exercise?

Answer 9

> 100 bpm resting

Question 10

Angina Pectoris

Answer 10

• Chest pain caused by ischemia of the myocardial tissue.
• Happens when heart muscle is not getting enough O2 to support its workload.
• Squeezing, burning, heartburn pain.
• Severe = heart attack

Question 11

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 11

• Ischemia and necrosis of myocardial tissue due to lack of blood supply and O2 to the heart.
• Often caused by blood clot in the coronary arteries.
• Heart attack
• Leading cause of death in adult American population

Question 12

CHF

Answer 12

• Heart is unable to pump enough blood to supply the body’s needs.
• Causes backup of blood in the pulmonary capillaries leading to pulmonary congestion and pulmonary hypertension.
• Kidneys try to retain water to increase blood volume which makes things worse.

Question 13

Orthostatic Hypotension

Answer 13

• Significant decrease in blood pressure and increase in pulse rate when standing up from a supine or seated position.
• Dizziness, blurring or loss of vision, syncope, fainting, legs give out.
• Put person in supine with legs elevated.

Question 14

Mitral Stenosis

Answer 14

• Thickening of the mitral valve, causing it to not close all the way.
• Opens with a snap and closes slowly with a murmur.
• Pressure in left atrium rises
• Congestion of the pulmonary veins and decreased cardiac output.
• Supine can cause difficulty breathing.

Question 15

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Answer 15

• Slight variation in the shape of the mitral valve.
• Mitral valve billows back into left atrium during contraction of the ventricle, allowing a tiny bit of blood to leak back into the atrium.

Question 16

Aortic Stenosis

Answer 16

• Hardening and thickening of the aortic valve
• Increased resistance to blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
• Increased pressure within the left ventricle.
• Decreased cardiac output and pulmonary vascular congestion.
• Avoid overworking the heart; no strenuous exercise.