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Nutrition > Chapter 9: bone health > Flashcards

Chapter 9: bone health Flashcards

1
Q

what is the organic structure in bone?

A

collagen

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2
Q

what is the composition of bone?

A

35% organic structures (collagen), 65% minerals (hardness)

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3
Q

cortical bone

A

very dense tissue, outer surface of all bones, 80% of skeleton

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4
Q

trabecular bone

A

“scaffolding” on the inside of bones”, supports cortical bone, 20% of skeleton

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5
Q

which type of bone is more sensitive to nutritional deficiencies and why?

A

trabecular bone because it has a faster turnover rate

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6
Q

osteoclasts function

A

erode surface of bones (resorption) to release calcium into blood & repair bone or obtain minerals to repair another bone

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7
Q

osteoblasts function

A

(formation) produce the collagen-containing component of bone (hydroxyapatite)

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8
Q

hydroxyapatite composition

A

calcium and phosphorus

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9
Q

what happens around age 40 for women that causes them to lose bone density?

A

menopause

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10
Q

when is peak bone health achieved?

A

age 30

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11
Q

what machine measures bone density

A

DEXA

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12
Q

osteoporosis is characterized by?

A

low bone mass/density (common in hip and spine), hip fractures common, gradual compression fractures in spine

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13
Q

symptoms of osteoporosis

A

no early symptoms

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14
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

low body weight, low calcium intake, low sun exposure, alcohol abuse, smoking, amenorrhea (with recognizable cause), estrogen or testosterone deficiency in females and males respectively, sedentary lifestyle

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15
Q

what are some nonmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

older age, caucasion or asian, family history of osteoporosis, gender (female), amenorrhea (with no cause)

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16
Q

what sort of diet is associated with improved bone health?

A

diet high in fruits and veggies

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17
Q

what kind of exercises stress bones, leading to increased bone mass?

A

weight-bearing activities such as walking, jogging

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18
Q

progression of osteoporosis may be slowed by?

A

adequate calcium & vitamin D intake, regular exercise, some medications

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19
Q

what is the goal for bone density in terms of preventing osteoporosis?

A

maximize bone density before age 30, maintain bone density after age 30

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20
Q

functions of calcium

A

forms and maintains bone and teeth structure, assists with acid-base balance, transmission of nerve impulses, assists in muscle contraction

21
Q

is calcium a major or trace mineral? where is it found in the body?

A

most abundant major mineral, 99% found in bone

22
Q

what vitamin helps correct the blood calcium range?

A

vitamin D

23
Q

what two things does calcium bioavailability depend on?

A

age and need

24
Q

what percent of calcium do healthy adults typically absorb?

A

30%

25
Q

which groups have a higher absorption percentage of calcium compared to healthy adults?

A

infants, children, adolescents, pregnant & lactating women

26
Q

which groups have a lower absorption percentage of calcium compared to healthy adults?

A

older adults

27
Q

maximum amount of Ca absorbed at one time?

A

500 mg

28
Q

as more calcium is consumed, what happens to absorption?

A

% absorbed decreases

29
Q

consuming calcium with what may decrease absorption?

A

oxalates and phytates

30
Q

what is required for calcium absorption?

A

vitamin D

31
Q

calcium sources

A

dairy products, leafy green vegetables, calcium fortified foods

32
Q

what happens if you consume too much calcium? too much calcium from calcium supplements?

A

excess calcium is excreted from the body, excess calcium from supplements can lead to mineral imbalances

33
Q

what is hypercalcemia caused by?

A

cancer and overproduction of PTH

34
Q

hypercalcemia can cause what?

A

organ failure because of calcium deposits

35
Q

what should we avoid in calcium supplements?

A

bone meal, oyster shell, dolomite because they may contain lead

36
Q

is vitamin D fat soluble or water soluble? how is it synthesized?

A

fat soluble, synthesized in the body by exposure to UV light from sun

37
Q

functions of vitamin D

A

required for calcium and phosphorus absorption, stimulates osteoclasts, necessary for calcification of bone, regulates blood calcium levels

38
Q

groups of people living where may receive inadequate sun exposure from mid-October to mid-March?

A

northern latitudes

39
Q

is there an RDA for vitamin D?

A

yes, it is set for people who do not get enough sun exposure

40
Q

sources of vitamin D in foods?

A

most foods contain very little vitamin D naturally, most come from fortified foods and supplements (canned salmon, canned mackerel, milk, cheerios)

41
Q

what does too much vitamin D result in? how does it result?

A

vitamin supplements, not from excessive exposure to sun -> hypercalcemia

42
Q

what may result from vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets or osteomalacia

43
Q

rickets

A

bone deformities and impaired growth in children

44
Q

osteomalacia

A

occurs in adults, bone pain or tenderness

45
Q

what kind of mineral is fluoride and where is it found in the body?

A

trace mineral; 99% found in teeth and bones

46
Q

functions of fluoride

A

development and maintenance of teeth and bones, makes fluorohydroxyapatite (fluoride, phosphorus, and calcium) makes tooth enamel stronger, resistant to acids and bacteria

47
Q

sources of fluoride

A

fluoridated dental products, fluoridated water (tap)

48
Q

what happens if you have too much fluoride?

A

fluorosis: creates porous tooth enamel, teeth become stained and pitted

49
Q

what happens if you don’t consume enough fluoride?

A

cavities

Nutrition (7 decks)

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