Chapter 5: fats and cardiovascular disease

Question 1

what are the three types of fats?

Answer 1

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

Question 2

what are triglycerides made of? essential? makes up what percentage of fat eaten? how is it used in the body?

Answer 2

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
some are essential
95% of fat eaten
form of stored body fat

Question 3

what are phospholipids made of? essential? water soluble? how are they used in the body?

Answer 3

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate
nonessential
water soluble
cell membrane

Question 4

what are sterols made of? essential? common sterol? how is it used in the body?

Answer 4

multiple carbon rings
nonessential
cholesterol
cell membranes and hormones

Question 5

where is cholesterol made/found?

Answer 5

made by the body (endogenous cholesterol)
found in animal foods (dietary cholesterol)

Question 6

do we need to consume cholesterol? how does dietary cholesterol affect blood cholesterol?

Answer 6

no, doesn’t affect blood cholesterol

Question 7

saturation levels of fats

Answer 7

saturated: no double bonds (besides the 1st which doesn’t count)
monounsaturated: one double bond
polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds

Question 8

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid shape

Answer 8

saturated: straight
unsaturated: kinked

Question 9

saturated fatty acids exist as what at room temp? examples? RDA?

Answer 9

solid at room temp
examples: coconut oil, animal fats, butter, lard
RDA: <10% of calories

Question 10

unsaturated fatty acids exist as what at room temp? examples? RDA?

Answer 10

liquid at room temp
predominant FA in plants: olive oil, canola oil
emphasized over saturated fat intake

Question 11

2 types of unsaturated fats
which should be not consume at all?

Answer 11

cis and trans
trans consumption should be 0

Question 12

why are trans fat and excessive saturated fat intake harmful for your health?

Answer 12

increase LDL and lower HDL

Question 13

2 essential fatty acids

Answer 13

we must obtain omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in the diet

Question 14

where are omega-6 fatty acids found? enough in american diet? involved in what?

Answer 14

vegetable and nut oils
abundant in american diet
involved in blood clotting and blood pressure

Question 15

what are the functions of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 15

part of phospholipids found in cell membranes, retina, and brain’s gray matter

Question 16

what do omega-3 fatty acids regulate?

Answer 16

inflammation, blood clotting, blood pressure

Question 17

health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 17

decreased blood TGs, decreased blood clotting, decreased inflammation, decreased CVD risk, decreased stroke risk

Question 18

what are omega-3 fatty acids converted to in the body?

Answer 18

converted to EPA and DHA in the body, but it is a poor conversion rate, so it is better to get these things directly from the diet

Question 19

what is the omega-3 RDA?

Answer 19

0.6-1.2% of calories (1.33-2.67 g)

Question 20

what affects does saturated fatty acids have on blood cholesterol and triglycerides? major source of saturated fatty acids?

Answer 20

increases total cholesterol, increases LDL
animal main source

Question 21

what affects does trans fatty acids have on blood cholesterol and triglycerides? major source of trans fatty acids?

Answer 21

increases total cholesterol, increases LDL, decreases HDL
main source is processed foods

Question 22

what affects does poly-unsaturated fatty acids have on blood cholesterol and triglycerides? major source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 22

decreases total cholesterol, decreases LDL and HDL
main source is plants

Question 23

what affects does mono-unsaturated fatty acids have on blood cholesterol and triglycerides?

Answer 23

increases HDL, maybe lowers LDL

Question 24

what affects does omega-3 have on blood cholesterol and triglycerides? major source of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 24

lowers blood TGs
main source is fish and flax

Question 25

what kind of energy is fat used for?

Answer 25

very energy dense; most of the energy used during rest and low intense activity (fat comes from muscle or adipose tissue)

Question 26

why do we use fats for energy storage?

Answer 26

CHOs: ~2000 kcal, no protein storage, but ~83000 kcals stored as fat

Question 27

what is required to transport vitamins A, D, E, K in the body?

Answer 27

fat

Question 28

what bodily functions are fats essential for?

Answer 28

cell membrane structure, nerve cell transmissions, protection of internal organs, insulation to retain body heat

Question 29

what enzyme breaks fatty acids of off triglycerides in the mouth?

Answer 29

lingual lipase

Question 30

what enzyme breaks fatty acids off of triglycerides in the stomach?

Answer 30

gastric lipase

Question 31

where does lipase in the small intestine come from?

Answer 31

pancreas

Question 32

what produces bile? what stores bile?

Answer 32

liver produces bile and the gallbladder stores it

Question 33

what affect does bile have on fat? what enzyme is then allowed access?

Answer 33

bile emulsifies fats (allows fats to mix with water) allowing pancreatic lipase access to fats

Question 34

what components of fat can we absorb?

Answer 34

fatty acids monoglycerides: one FA + glycerol

Question 35

how are fats absorbed?

Answer 35

micelle is formed -> crosses cell membrane from lumen -> chylomicron is formed -> enters the lymph -> enters the blood -> liver

Question 36

cardiovascular disease

Answer 36

dysfunction of the heart or blood vessels

Question 37

atherosclerosis

Answer 37

disease in which artery walls build up lipid deposits and scar tissue, impairing blood flow; stiffness that results is called "hardening of the arteries", heart has to work harder to push blood through vessels

Question 38

stroke

Answer 38

cerebral arteries supplying the brain blocked or artery ruptures/leaks, body functions impaired

Question 39

which CVD is known as the "silent killer" and why?

Answer 39

hypertension, because there are usually little or no symptoms

Question 40

hypertension

Answer 40

warning sign for a person's risk for developing heart disease or stroke

Question 41

causes of hypertension

Answer 41

hereditary, poor nutrition and exercise habits (high Na+/low K+) and obesity

Question 42

what blood pressure defines hypertension? what is normotension?

Answer 42

hypertension: >130/80 normotension: 120/80

Question 43

peripheral vascular disease

Answer 43

blood vessels in other parts of the body constricted, reduces blood flow, damages tissues and organs

Question 44

recommendations to decrease blood pressure

Answer 44

< 1500 mg/ day of sodium, DASH diet (high K+, low Na+), medication

Question 45

modifiable risk factors for CVD

Answer 45

being overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, inflammation

Question 46

what fats can protect against CVD?

Answer 46

omega-3 intake (+ moderate exercise): decreases inflammation and increases HDL

Question 47

what fats can contribute to CVD?

Answer 47

high saturated fat intake: increases LDL in the blood, contributes to the formation of arterial plaque, increases blood TG levels (chylomicrons & VLDLs)