Chapter 7: fluid & electrolyte balance

Question 1

what should you do preserve vitamins inside food?

Answer 1

minimize contact with water, reduce heat, limit light, avoid air, ban basics

Question 2

do younger people or older people have more body fluid?

Answer 2

younger people (more lean tissue)

Question 3

do males or females have more body fluid?`

Answer 3

males

Question 4

what is the function of fluids?

Answer 4

protect & lubricate our tissues: brain, spinal column, joints, fetus, GI tract, lungs

Question 5

what is body fluid made up of?

Answer 5

water & electrolytes (charged ion)

Question 6

what is the role of water in transporting substances?

Answer 6

water is an excellent solvent, so it can transport ions, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals to cells

Question 7

high blood volumes causes what?

Answer 7

hypertension (high blood pressure)

Question 8

low blood volume causes what?

Answer 8

hypotension (low blood pressure)

Question 9

fluid accounts for what component of blood?

Answer 9

blood volume

Question 10

how does water maintain body temperature?

Answer 10

1) water has a high heat capacity, meaning it takes a lot of energy to raise water temperature so the temp of our body fluids remains stable
2) evaporative cooling: sweating (heat is transported from the body core through the bloodstream to skin’s surface)

Question 11

what are the functions of electrolytes?

Answer 11

enable our nerves to respond to stimuli and signal our muscles to contract (movement of Ca2+ into a muscle cell stimulates contraction)

Question 12

what does normal cell function depend on?

Answer 12

proper fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 13

how does water move in the body?

Answer 13

it follows solutes and it moves freely across membranes

Question 14

what are the stimuli for the thirst mechanism?

Answer 14

increased [salt] or [solutes] in blood, decreased BV and BP, dry mouth or throat

Question 15

what brain region initiates the thirst mechanism?

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

what are the pitfalls of the thirst mechanism?

Answer 16

it may not be sufficient; it turns on a bit late and off a bit early

Question 17

what are the ways in which water is lost from the body?

Answer 17

urine, feces, sweat, evaporation, exhalation

Question 18

what are the ways in which water enters the body?

Answer 18

beverages, food, metabolic reactions

Question 19

what is the recommended intake of water for males?

Answer 19

3.7 L (3.0 L as beverages)

Question 20

what is the recommended intake of water for females?

Answer 20

2.7 L (2.2 L as beverages)

Question 21

what does the recommended intake of water vary with?

Answer 21

age, size, health status, environment, activity level

Question 22

what happens if you drink too much water?

Answer 22

hyponatremia, water intoxication

Question 23

what happens if you don’t drink enough water?

Answer 23

dehydration, infants and elderly are especially vulnerable

Question 24

what are the functions of sodium?

Answer 24

fluid & electrolyte balance, associated with blood pressure and pH balance in the body, required for nerve impulse transmission, assists in the transport of certain nutrients (e.g. glucose) into body cells

Question 25

what is the AI for sodium?

Answer 25

1500 mg/day

Question 26

what is the RDI of sodium?

Answer 26

less than 2300 mg/day is recommended

Question 27

how much sodium does the average American consume?

Answer 27

more than the RDI, 3400 mg/day

Question 28

what populations must pay special attention to sodium intake?

Answer 28

hypertension, chronic heart failure, kidney disease, osteoporosis

Question 29

sources of sodium

Answer 29

salt shaker, processed foods, restaurants, natural sources

Question 30

hypernatremia

Answer 30

abnormally high blood sodium concentration

Question 31

what can result from eating too much sodium?

Answer 31

hypertension or hypernatremia

Question 32

who is at risk for hypertension when eating too much sodium?

Answer 32

some individuals who eat low K+

Question 33

who is at risk for hypernatremia?

Answer 33

patients with chronic heart failure, kidney disease (cannot excrete sodium)

Question 34

what does hypernatremia result in?

Answer 34

high BV, edema, and high BP

Question 35

hyponatremia

Answer 35

abnormally low blood sodium level

Question 36

what causes hyponatremia?

Answer 36

prolonged vomiting, diarrhea or sweating

Question 37

symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 37

dizziness, fatigue, nausea, muscle cramps

Question 38

exercise-associated hyponatremia

Answer 38

occurs in distance athletes who consumer too much water and fail to replace sodium

Question 39

what are the functions of potassium?

Answer 39

fluid and electrolyte balance, pH balance, important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses

Question 40

what does high K+ intake help maintain?

Answer 40

lower blood pressure

Question 41

do most americans consume enough potassium?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

RDI for potassium for females

Answer 42

2600 mg/day

Question 43

RDI for potassium for males

Answer 43

3400 mg/day

Question 44

sources of potassium

Answer 44

fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains

Question 45

hyperkalemia

Answer 45

high blood K+ levels

Question 46

who is at risk for hyperkalemia?

Answer 46

patients with kidney disease

Question 47

what can hyperkalemia result in?

Answer 47

alter normal heart rhythm, resulting in heart attack

Question 48

what should those at risk for hyperkalemia avoid?

Answer 48

salt substitutes

Question 49

hypokalemia

Answer 49

low blood K+ levels

Question 50

who is at risk for hypokalemia?

Answer 50

patients with kidney disease or diabetic acidosis

Question 51

what may cause hypokalemia?

Answer 51

when taking certain diuretic medications, illness, dehydration, laxative or alcohol use

Question 52

symptoms of hypokalemia

Answer 52

confusion, appetite loss, weakness, heart arrhythmia

Question 53

functions of chloride

Answer 53

assists with maintaining fluid balance and component of HCl in stomach

Question 54

source of chloride

Answer 54

salt (NaCl)

Question 55

functions of phosphorus

Answer 55

required for fluid balance and critical role in bone formation

Question 56

source of phosphorus

Answer 56

widespread in many foods (high amounts in protein-containing foods- meat, milk, eggs)

Question 57

what defines dehydration? who is at greater risk?

Answer 57

water loss > water intake; infants and elderly at greater risk

Question 58

what causes dehydration?

Answer 58

heavy exercise, high environmental temperatures, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, poorly controlled diabetes, abuse of diuretics or laxatives

Question 59

what should you do to prevent fluid loss from exercise?

Answer 59

weigh yourself before and after exercise; replace 1.5x the water weight that was lost

Question 60

how fast does heat acclimatization occur? what does this lead to?

Answer 60

1-2 weeks better drinking practices, body holds onto water and salt -> increases BV so that the heart pumps more blood at a lower HR

Question 61

how do heat-fit athletes sweat compared to others?

Answer 61

sweat sooner and more, also sweat over a wider body area

Question 62

what are heat cramps and what are they caused by?

Answer 62

cramps that develop during intense activity in the heat, caused by fluid and electrolyte imbalances

Question 63

symptoms of heat cramps

Answer 63

painful muscle cramps (abdomen, arms, legs) spasms can last seconds or minutes

Question 64

treatment of heat cramps

Answer 64

stop activity immediately, cool down, and rest

Question 65

what is heat exhaustion caused by?

Answer 65

occurs from intense activity in the heat or after several days in the high heat when fluid intake is inadequate

Question 66

symptoms of heat exhaustion

Answer 66

thirst, cramps, weakness, vomiting, dizziness, elevated BP and pulse, sweating heavily and cool skin

Question 67

treatment of heat exhaustion

Answer 67

prompt cooling and fluid intake to prevent heatstroke from developing

Question 68

when does heatstroke occur?

Answer 68

when the body's temperature regulation mechanisms fail, occurs in hot, humid environments

Question 69

symptoms of heatstroke

Answer 69

rapid pulse, high body temp (>105F), weakness, disorientation, hot & dry skin

Question 70

treatment of heatstroke

Answer 70

immediate cooling, rest, sports drink, contact emergency medical help quickly