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Nutrition > Chapter 8: antioxidant function > Flashcards

Chapter 8: antioxidant function Flashcards

1
Q

what happens when oxidation and reduction are not paired?

A

an atom with an unpaired electron (free radical)

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2
Q

what are some sources of free radical production?

A

asbestos, tobacco use, industrial chemicals, immune system, pollution, UV light, radiation, and excessive exercise

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3
Q

and oxidized LDL is more likely to do what?

A

become part of plaque

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4
Q

damage to what 4 things by free radicals contributes to oxidative stress?

A

cell membrane, proteins, LDL, and DNA

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5
Q

oxidative stress can results in what diseases?

A

cancer, CVD, Alzheimer’s, arthritis, cataracts, type 2 diabetes, and Parkinson’s

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6
Q

what controls free radical formation?

A

antioxidants

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7
Q

what are the three ways the antioxidant enzyme system gets rid of free radicals?

A

breaks down oxidized fatty acids, makes more antioxidant vitamins available, and converts free radicals to less damaging substances

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8
Q

what reactivates vitamin E?

A

vitamin C

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9
Q

what reactivates vitamin C?

A

antioxidant enzyme system

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10
Q

tocopherols

A

vitamin E added as a preservative

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11
Q

main function of vitamin E

A

antioxidant in adipose tissue and cell membranes

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12
Q

what does vitamin E protect?

A

poly-unsaturated fats and LDLs

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13
Q

how does the body get rid of oxidized vitamin E?

A

excreted or reduced

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14
Q

sources of vitamin E

A

vegetable oils, nuts, sunflower seeds, wheat germ, soybeans

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15
Q

what are the risks of consuming too much vitamin E?

A

increases risk for heart failure, and can interfere with anticoagulant medications

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16
Q

are there any risks with consuming too little vitamin E? why?

A

vitamin E deficiencies are uncommon because vitamin is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the body

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17
Q

what are the functions of vitamin C?

A

antioxidant, enhances absorption of iron, enhances the immune system

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18
Q

what does vitamin C help synthesize? why is this important?

A

collagen (protein in connective tissue) -> important in wound healing

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19
Q

smokers need an extra daily intake of what vitamin?

A

vitamin C

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20
Q

vitamin C sources?

A

bell peppers, strawberries, pineapple, oranges, kiwi

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21
Q

what can excess vitamin C intake do to people with hemachromatosis?

A

iron toxicity

22
Q

what can excess vitamin C intake do to people with kidney disease?

A

kidney stone formation

23
Q

what can a chronic intake of >2000 mg a day of vitamin C result in?

A

nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, abdominal cramps

24
Q

vitamin C deficiency may result in? symptoms?

A

scurvy (bleeding gums, loose teeth, wounds that fail to heal, bone pain, diarrhea, weakness, depression)

25
Q

selenium is an example of what? what are its functions?

A

trace mineral; production of thyroid hormone, antioxidant, and neutralizes peroxide molecules

26
Q

sources of selenium

A

brazil nuts, turkey giblets, halibut, tuna

27
Q

beta-carotene is an example of what?

A

carotenoid & provitamin; inactive precursor of retinol (vitamin A)

28
Q

functions of beta-carotene

A

relatively weak antioxidant, effective against oxidation in cell membranes and LDLs

29
Q

functions of carotenoids

A

enhance immune system, protect skin from damage by UV light, protect eyes from damage

30
Q

too much beta-carotene may result in?

A

skin turning yellow or orange, not toxic

31
Q

source of beta-carotene?

A

canned pumpkin, sweet potato, spinach, kale, carrots

32
Q

where is vitamin A stored?

A

liver, adipose tissue, kidneys and lungs

33
Q

functions of vitamin A

A

contributes to cell differentiation, reproduction and bone growth, essential to sight, may act as antioxidant

34
Q

rhodopsin

A

protein in retina part of rod cells, reacts to changes in light brightness (vitamin A is a component)

35
Q

iodopsin

A

part of cone cells, allows different colors to be seen (vitamin A is a component)

36
Q

too much vitamin A may lead to?

A

birth defects and permanent damage to the liver and eyes

37
Q

too little vitamin A may result in?

A

night blindness, irreversible blindness

38
Q

what vitamin does polar bear liver have a fatal dose of?

A

vitamin A

39
Q

what fraction of cancer deaths are related to nutrition and lifestyle?

A

1/3

40
Q

how does obesity affect cancer risk?

A

obesity increases cancer risk and recurrence

41
Q

what does excess body weight as an adolescent potentially put you at risk for?

A

cancer as an adult

42
Q

what are the three steps of carcinogenesis?

A

initiation, promotion, and progression

43
Q

initiation

A

a cell’s DNA is damaged & mutated by a carcinogen, may remain at this step for years

44
Q

promotion

A

altered cell repeatedly divides, promoter agent activates oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes deactivated (promotes cell division & disrupts apoptosis)

45
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

46
Q

progression

A

cells grow out of control, tumor forms, metastasis

47
Q

nutrition-related factors that increase cancer risk

A

obesity, red/processed meats, salted & salt-preserved foods, high-calcium diets, alcohol, low level of physical activity

48
Q

nutrition-related factors that decrease cancer risk

A

fruits and nonstarchy vegetables, carotenoid-containing foods, tomato products, allium vegetables (onion, garlic), vitamin-C containing foods, folate-containing foods, fiber-containing foods, milk and calcium supplements, high level of physical activity, omega-3 fatty acids, limit soy w breast cancer

49
Q

how do omega-3 fatty acids decrease cancer risk?

A

decrease inflammation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis
increase apoptosis

50
Q

angiogenesis

A

creating new blood vessels (to supply existing cancer cells with nutrients and oxygen)

51
Q

what are some nutritional recommendations for someone who is getting treatment for cancer?

A

several small snacks throughout the day, favorite foods @ any time of day, eat every few hours (don’t wait until you feel hungry), biggest meal when hungriest, exercise lightly/walk to increase appetite before a meal

Nutrition (7 decks)

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