Chapter 9: Biological Diversity

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

The naming and classification of species.

Question 2

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 2

The two-part naming system for species. First is genus, second is species.

Question 3

Classifications

Answer 3

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Question 4

Three Domains

Answer 4

Archae, Eukarya, Bacteria (Monera is not used anymore because prokaryotes themselves have a lot of diversity and need to be categorized separately).

Question 5

Archaea

Answer 5

Prokaryotes, includes extremophiles (organisms that can live in extreme environments).

Question 6

Bacteria

Answer 6

Prokaryotes, often decomposers, and some undergo conjugation.

Question 7

Eukarya

Answer 7

Includes all organisms who have nucleus in their cells, as well as the four original kingdoms: protista, plantae, animalia, and fungi.

Question 8

Protista

Answer 8

Kingdom that includes all eukaryotes, and organisms that do not fit into the plantae or fungi kingdoms. Can be multi or single celled, and heterotrophs or autotrophs. Some may undergo conjugation, and some may contain serious diseases.

Question 9

Fungi

Answer 9

Kingdom that consists of heterotrophs and eukaryotes. Secrete hydrolytic enzymes, and cell walls contain chitin, not cellulose. Important in ecosystem as decomposers.

Question 10

Plantae

Answer 10

Kingdom that consists of autotrophic eukaryotes.

Question 11

Animalia

Answer 11

Kingdom that consists of heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes. They reproduce with sexual reproduction and all have a common ancestor.

Question 12

Cell

Answer 12

The most basic unit of life.

Question 13

Tissue

Answer 13

A collection of cells that perform a similar function.

Question 14

Organ

Answer 14

A collection of tissues that work together to perform related functions.

Question 15

Primitive Organisms

Answer 15

• No head
• No symmetry
• Two cell layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
• No true tissues
• Life in water
• Sessile
• No organ systems

Question 16

Complex Organisms

Answer 16

• Bilateral symmetry
• Has a head
• Three cell layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
• True tissues
• Life on land and water
• Motile
• Many organ systems and specialization

Question 17

Endoderm

Answer 17

Innermost layer that eventually develops into the guts and digestive system.

Question 18

Ectoderm

Answer 18

Outermost layer that eventually develops into the skin and the nervous system.

Question 19

Mesoderm

Answer 19

Middle layer that eventually develops into the blood and bones.

Question 20

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 20

The symmetry over a single line. More complex organisms exhibit this.

Question 21

Anterior

Answer 21

Front end.

Question 22

Posterior

Answer 22

Back end,

Question 23

Phylogeny

Answer 23

Study of the evolutionary history of the relationships between species.

Question 24

Phylogenetic Tree or Cladogram

Answer 24

A visual reconstruction of the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of a species.

Question 25

Maximum Parsimony

Answer 25

The principle phylogenists usually follow when making phylogenies. Make the phylogeny the simplest possible that still coincides with the facts.

Question 26

Shared Ancestral Trait

Answer 26

A characteristic that an organism shares with its common ancestors.

Question 27

Shared Derived Trait

Answer 27

A characteristic that an organism does not share with their ancestors, thus being a new trait that suddenly appeared.