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► Med - EMT > Chapter 9: Airway Management > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Airway Management Flashcards

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1
Q

brain tissue will begin to die within ____ minutes when deprived of oxygen

A

4-6 minutes

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2
Q

____ of the brain is lost every minute without oxygen

A

10%

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3
Q

oxygen reaches the bodies tissues through what two processes

A

circulation and breathing

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4
Q

the airway is divided into upper and lower portions by the

A

larynx

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5
Q

_____ is the exchange of air between lungs and the environment

A

ventilation

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6
Q

ventilation is necessary for _____ and ____ to occur

A

oxygenation and respiration

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7
Q

the upper airway consists of these 6 anatomical structures

A
  1. nose
  2. mouth
  3. jaw
  4. oral cavity
  5. pharynx
  6. larynx
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8
Q

the function of the upper airway is to

A

warm, filter, and humidify air entering the mouth and nose

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9
Q

the ____ is a muscular tube that starts at the nose and ends at the trachea level

A

pharynx

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10
Q

the pharynx consists of these three structures

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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11
Q

the ____ is the entrance to the respiratory and digestive systems

A

oropharynx

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12
Q

the ____ prevents food and liquid from entering the larynx during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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13
Q

the larynx consists of these two structures

A

adam’s apple and vocal cords

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14
Q

function of the lower airway

A

gas exchange

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15
Q

lower airway consists of these three structures

A
  1. trachea
  2. thoracic cavity
  3. lungs
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16
Q

the ____ is where air enters into the lungs

A

trachea

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17
Q

the trachea divides at the ____ into the ______

A

carina, into the two main stem bronchi (right and left)

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18
Q

function of the bronchi is to

A

distribute O2 into the lungs

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19
Q

bronchi –> _____ –> ______

A

bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

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20
Q

the bronchioles are ______ that _____ and ____ as O2 passes through

A

the bronchioles are smooth muscle that dilate and constrict as O2 passes through

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21
Q

____ are where O2 and CO2 exchange

A

alveoli

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22
Q

alveoli are surrounded by ______ where oxygen is diffused from the alveoli and transported to the heart for distribution through the body

A

pulmonary capillaries

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23
Q

also in the thoracic cavity is the ____

A

mediastinum

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24
Q

the mediastinum is the area between the

A

lungs

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25
Q

the mediastinum consists of these 6 things

A
  1. heart
  2. great vessels (vena cava and aorta)
  3. esophagus (not part of resp. system)
  4. trachea
  5. major bronchi
  6. nerves
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26
Q

the ____ and ____ systems work together to supply cells with O2 and nutrients and to remove waste

A

respiratory and cardiovascular systems

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27
Q

_____ is the amount of air (in ml) that move into the lung s in one breath

A

tidal volume (TV)

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28
Q

ventilation consists of ____ and _____

A

inhalation and exhalation

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29
Q

inhalation is an ____ process

A

active

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30
Q

during inhalation the diaphragm ______

A

contracts

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31
Q

____ is tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli

A

dead space

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32
Q

____ is the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing deeply

A

vital capacity

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33
Q

____ is the air that remains after maximal expiration

A

residual volume

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34
Q

exhalation is a _____ process

A

passive

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35
Q

during exhalation the diaphragm _____

A

relaxes

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36
Q

during exhalation air pressure in the ______ is higher than the outside so air is _____ through the trachea

A

during exhalation air pressure in the THORAX is higher than the outside so air is PUSHED OUT through the trachea

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37
Q

regulation of ventilation is accomplished by ___ of ____

A

pH of CSF

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38
Q

regulation of ventilation is directly related to the amount of ___ in the blood

A

CO2

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39
Q

____ involves difficulty in eliminating CO2 through exhalation

A

COPD

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40
Q

patients with COPD have a back up system known as _____ to control breathing

A

hypoxic drive

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41
Q

_____ is the process of loading oxygen molecules into hemoglobin in the bloodstream

A

oxygenation

42
Q

oxygenation does not guarantee ____

A

internal respiration

43
Q

____ is the exchange of gases in alveoli and body tissues

A

respiration

44
Q

_______ is the exchange of gases between alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

A

external/pulmonary respiration

45
Q

_____ is the exchange of gases between systemic circulatory system and the cells of the body (oxygen from blood to tissue)

A

internal respiration

46
Q 
without oxygen in:
0-1 minute \_\_\_\_
0-4 minutes \_\_\_\_\_
4-6 minutes \_\_\_\_
6-10 minutes \_\_\_\_
over 10 minutes \_\_\_\_
A 
0-1 minute: cardiac irritability
0-4 minutes: brain damage not likely
4-6 minutes: brain damage possible
6-10 minutes: brain damage very likely
over 10 minutes: irreversible brain damage
47
Q

____ monitor O2, CO2, hydrogen ions, and pH of CSP to control respiration

A

chemoreceptors

48
Q 
circulatory compromise can result from
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. pulmonary embolism
  2. tension pneumothorax
  3. open pneumothorax
  4. hemothorax
  5. hemopneumothorax
49
Q

_____ causes poor TV

A

tension pneumothorax

50
Q

_____ is a hole through the lung and chest wall

A

open pneumothorax

51
Q

____ is blood in a lung

A

hemothorax

52
Q

_____ is a collapsed lung with blood

A

hemopneumothorax

53
Q

adequate breathing is

  • ____ breaths per minute
  • ___ pattern
  • ______ lung sounds
  • ______ chest rise and fall
  • ____ depth
A
  • 12-20 breaths per minute
  • regular pattern of inspiration and expiration
  • clear bilateral lung sounds
  • regular and equal chest rise and fall
  • adequate depth
54
Q

_____ is when the patient’s heart has stopped and they have ocassional gasping breaths

A

agonal respirations

55
Q

_____ happen often with stroke and head injury, are INC rate and depth followed by apnea

A

cheyne-stokes respirations

56
Q

_____ have an irregular or unidentifiable pattern

A

ataxic respirations

57
Q

_____ are deep gasping respirations (associated with metabolic or toxic disorders)

A

kussmaul respirations

58
Q

to open the airway the patient should be in the ____ position

A

supine

59
Q

in an unconscious patient the ____ is the most common obstruction

A

tongue

60
Q

the _____ is the most often used method to open the airway

A

head-tilt chin lift

61
Q

_____ is used to open the airway if cervical trauma is suspected

A

jaw thrust

62
Q

OPA keeps ____ off of the airway and should be used only for an ____ patient with no ____

A

OPA keeps tongue off of the airway and should be used only for an unconscious patient with no gag reflex

63
Q

NPA’s are for a patient with

A

gag reflex

64
Q

____ tips are used on a suctioning device for the pharynx

A

yankauer tips (rigid pharyngeal suction tips)

65
Q

_____ tips are used to suction the nose or back of mouth

A

whistle-tip (nonrigid plastic)

66
Q

suction no more than
___ s for adult
___ s for child
___ s for infant

A

15 s/ adult
10 s/child
5 s/ infant
(or as long as necessary)

67
Q

______ is used to maintain a clear airway in an unconscious patient who is not injured and is breathing on his or her own with a normal respiratory rate and adequate TV

A

recover position

68
Q

always give supplemental oxygen to patients who are

A

hypoxic

69
Q

never withold oxygen especially if you are giving

A

ventilations

70
Q

____ are the preferred way to give oxygen to patients who are breathing adequately but are suspected of having hypoxia

A

nonrebreathing masks

71
Q

NRB masks should be set to a rate of ____L/min and provide up to ___% inspired O2

A

12-15 L/min

90% inspired O2

72
Q

_____ give 24-44% inspired O2

A

nasal cannula

73
Q

nasal cannula should be set at a rate of ____L/min

A

4-6 L/min

74
Q

with a ____ mask the patient rebreathes a small amount of their exhaled air

A

partial rebreathing mask

75
Q

the partial rebreathing mask is advantageous for a patient who is

A

hyperventilating

76
Q

venturi mask can vary the _____ and is for long term management

A

% of oxygen

77
Q

3 signs and symptoms of inadequate venilation

A

altered mental status
inadequate minute volume
excessive accessory muscle use and fatigue

78
Q

with normal breathing the diaphragm _____ and the ____ pressure generated in the chest cavity brings air into the lungs

A

contracts, negative pressure

79
Q

with positive pressure ventilation, the positive pressure generated by the device forces air into the chest cavity and the _____ intra thoracic pressure ____ the amount of blood pumped by the heart

A

with positive pressure ventilation, the positive pressure generated by the device forces air into the chest cavity and the INC intra thoracic pressure DEC the amount of blood pumped by the heart

80
Q

ventilation rates for patients with a pulse
adult
child
infant

A

adult: 1 breath every 5-6 sec
child: 1 breath every 3-5 sec
infant: 1 breath every 3-5 sec

81
Q

______ ventilation is preferred over BVM for apnic person

A

mouth to mask ventilation

82
Q

4 signs you are performing adequate ventilations

A
  1. improved color
  2. chest rise
  3. no resistance
  4. you can hear and feel air escape at patient exhales
83
Q

_____ occurs with artificial ventilations (stomach fills with air)

A

gastric distension

84
Q

gastric distension occurs most commonly amongst

A

children

85
Q

gastric distension occurs when you ventilate too ____ or _____ with a ______ or ______

A

forcefully or rapidly with a mag mask or pocket mask

86
Q

gastric distension can also occur when there is _____ or when you use improper ____

A

FBAO or when you use improper head position

87
Q

gastric distension can cause ____ and INC risk of _____

A

can cause vomiting and INC risk of aspiration

88
Q

gastric distension can also DEC _____ by elevating _____

A

DEC lung volume by elevating the diaphragm

89
Q

if dentures are _____ you should leave them in place when performing ventilations but if they are _____ they should be removed

A

if dentures are well-fitting you should leave them in place when performing ventilations but if they are loose they should be removed

90
Q

when fresh air is inspired into the lungs it is ___% O2, but when it is exhaled it is ____%

A

21% on inhalation, 16% on exhalation

91
Q 
common causes of inaccurate \_\_\_\_\_\_ readings include:
hypovolemia
anemia
dirty fingers
nail polish
CO poisoning 
peripheral vasoconstriction
A

pulse oximetry

92
Q

the aspect of natural ventilation that involves the diaphragm contracting and the chest wall expanding is

A

inhalation

93
Q

which of the following structures is not part of the upper airway

  • nasopharynx
  • epiglottis
  • trachea
  • larynx
A

trachea

94
Q

the process by which CP2 moves from a high conc in the capillaries to a lower conc in the alveoli

A

diffusion

95
Q

a patient who is developing early stages of hypoxia may exhibit

A

restlessness

96
Q

NPA’s _____ get inserted with a rotating motion

A

DO NOT

97
Q

if a d-sized oxygen cylinder contains 300L of oxygen and is at 2,000 PSI at the start of a call, the best estimate for the amount of time a patient can receive 15 L/min with a NRB mask is

A

20 min

98
Q

properly performed suctioning of a patient may still cause

A

vomiting

99
Q

the most common complication of the flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device is

A

gastric distension

100
Q

the structure also known as the wind-pipe is

A

the trachea

101
Q

some cells may become severely or permanently damaged after what period of time without oxygen

A

4-6 minutes

102
Q

with an oxygen rate of 15 L/min and an adequate mask to mouth seal a bag mask device with an O2 reservoir can deliver nearly what % of O2

A

100%

► Med - EMT (38 decks)

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