Chapter 9 Flashcards
Why Is Theory Important?
Nursing as a profession is strengthened when nursing knowledge is built on sound theory.
Theory is a useful tool for reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making
refers to the most abstract aspect of the structure of nursing knowledge
Metaparadigm
is a set of beliefs about the nature of how the world works.
Philosophy
puts together some or all concepts of the metaparadigm.
Nursing philosophy
is a more specific organization of nursing phenomena than philosophies.
conceptual model or framework
provides an organizational structure that makes clearer connections between concepts.
“Model” or “framework”
are more concrete descriptions of concepts that are embedded in propositions.
Theories
are statements that describe linkages between concepts and are more prescriptive;
that is, they propose an outcome that is testable in practice and research.
Propositions
Nightingale’s unique perspective on nursing practice
focused on the relationship of patients to their surroundings.
is sensitive to the effect of the environment on the patient’s health or recovery from illness.
The Nightingale nurse
The “unique function of the nurse…. is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge”
Henderson’s Philosophy
She believed that all 14 basic needs are amenable to nursing care.
Virginia Henderson
adopts an orientation to care from the perspective of the 14 basic needs
The Henderson nurse
Henderson’s 14 Basic Needs of the Patient
- Breathe normally.
- Eat and drink adequately.
- Eliminate body wastes.
- Move and maintain desirable position.
- Sleep and rest.
- Select suitable clothes—dress and undress.
- Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment.
- Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument (skin).
- Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
- Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
- Worship according to one’s faith.
- Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
- Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
- Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.
- She focused on the relationship of the nurse and the patient
- An approach that emphasized how the nurse and patient change together through transpersonal caring.
Jean Watson’s Philosophy
Nursing should be concerned with spiritual matters and the inner knowledge of nurse and patient as they participate together in the transpersonal caring process. She equated health with harmony, resulting from unity of body, mind, and soul, for which the patient is primarily responsible. Illness or disease was equated with lack of harmony within the mind, body, and soul experienced in internal or external environments
Watson’s Philosophy
Nursing is based on human values and interest in the welfare of others and is concerned with health promotion, health restoration, and illness prevention.
Watson’s Philosophy
- Embrace altruistic values and practice loving kindness with self and others.
- Instill faith and hope and honor in others.
- Be sensitive to self and others by nurturing individual beliefs and practices.
- Develop helping-trusting-caring relationships.
- Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you authentically listen to another’s story.
- Use creative scientific problem-solving methods for caring decision making.
- Share teaching and learning that addresses the individual needs and comprehension styles.
- Create a healing environment for the physical and spiritual self which respects human dignity.
- Assist with basic physical, emotional, and spiritual human needs.
- Open to mystery and allow miracles to enter.
Watson’s 10 Caritas Processes
has responsibility for creating and maintaining an environment supporting human caring while recognizing and providing for patients’ primary human requirements.
The Watson nurse
Environment – one that supports human caring
Person – both the patient and the nurse
Health – in terms of health promotion and illness prevention
Nursing – what nurses contribute to the encounter with the patient
Key aspects of nursing’s metaparadigm
provides organizational structures for critical thinking about the processes of nursing
Conceptual models (or conceptual frameworks)
– are less abstract and more formalized than the philosophies.
– more abstract than theories of nursing.
Models
Orem’s Self-care Model
King’s Interacting Systems
Framework Theory and Theory of Goal Attainment
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Example of Models
The model focuses on the patient’s self-care capacities and the process of designing nursing actions to meet the patient’s self-care needs
Orem’s Self-Care Model
The nurse prescribes and regulates the nursing system on the basis of the patient’s self-care deficit, which is the extent to which a patient is incapable of providing effective self-care.
Orem’s Self-Care Model
Theory of self-care
Theory of self-care deficit
Theory of nursing system
Orem’s 3 interrelated theories
Appropriate care for the patient is developed through a series of three operations:
Diagnostic
Prescriptive
Regulatory
Orem’s Self-Care Model
- Establishment of the nurse-patient relationship
- Assessment of patient’s baseline ability to provide adequate self-care
Diagnostic
